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In the sequential sputtering/selenization process, Ga segregation at the back of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) absorber is frequently observed. In this paper, Ga diffusion in CIGS absorber is investigated during the sputtering and selenization process. Results show that Ga diffusion is closely related to Cu/(In+Ga) ratio in the metallic precursors and the selenization temperature, but barely influenced by Ga/(In+Ga) ratio in the metallic precursors. Based on Fick's second law, a simplified model is established to describe Ga diffusion from the back to the surface of CIGS absorber, which suggests that Ga diffusion coefficient is the dominant factor to constrain Ga content near the absorber surface. By process optimization, Ga/(In+Ga) ratio near the absorber surface is successfully increased. Accordingly, a CIGS solar cell device with efficiency of 12.42% has been obtained.
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Keywords:
- CIGS /
- Ga diffusion /
- selenization /
- solar cell
[1] Chirila A, Reinhard P, Pianezzi F, Bloesch P, Uhl A R, Fella C, Kranz L, Keller D, Gretener C, Hagendorfer H, Jaeger D, Erni R, Nishiwaki S, Buecheler S, Tiwari A N 2013 Nat. Mater. 12 1107
[2] Powalla M, Jackson P, Witte W, Hariskos D, Paetel S, Tschamber C, Wischmann W 2013 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 119 51
[3] Komaki H, Furue S, Yamada A, Ishizuka S, Shibata H, Matsubara K, Niki S 2012 Prog. Photovoltaics 20 595
[4] Liu F F, Sun Y, He Q 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 047201 (in Chinese) [刘芳芳, 孙云, 何青 2014 63 047201]
[5] Chen D S, Yang J, Xu F, Zhou P H, Du H W, Shi J W, Yu Z S, Zhang Y H, Bartholomeusz B, Ma Z Q 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 018801
[6] Niki S, Contreras M, Repins I, Powalla M, Kushiya K, Ishizuka S, Matsubara K 2010 Prog. Photovoltaics 18 453
[7] Cahen D, Noufi R 1992 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 53 991
[8] Purwins M, Weber A, Berwian P, Mller G, Hergert F, Jost S, Hock R 2006 J. Cryst. Growth 287 408
[9] Pan H P, Bo L K, Huang T W, Zhang Y, Yu T, Yao S D 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 228801 (in Chinese) [潘惠平, 薄连坤, 黄太武, 张毅, 于涛, 姚淑德 2012 61 228801]
[10] Liang H F, Avachat U, Liu W, van Duren J, Le M 2012 Solid-State Electron. 76 95
[11] Hsu H R, Hsu S C, Liu Y S 2012 Sol. Energy 86 48
[12] Kim W K, Hanket G M, Shafarman W N 2011 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95 235
[13] Lin Y C, Yen W T, Chen Y L, Wang L Q, Jih F W 2011 Physica B 406 824
[14] Chanatana J, Murata M, Higuchi T, Watanabe T, Teraji S, Kawamura K, Minemoto T 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 084501
[15] Schroeder D, Berry G, Rockett A 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 4068
[16] Huang J H 1996 Diffusion in Metals and Alloys (Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press) p50 (in Chinese) [黄继华 1996 金属及合金中的扩散(北京:冶金工业出版社)第50页]
[17] Han A J, Sun Y, Li Z G, Li B Y, He J J, Zhang Y, Liu W 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 048401 (in Chinese) [韩安军, 孙云, 李志国, 李博研, 何静靖, 张毅, 刘玮 2013 62 048401]
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[1] Chirila A, Reinhard P, Pianezzi F, Bloesch P, Uhl A R, Fella C, Kranz L, Keller D, Gretener C, Hagendorfer H, Jaeger D, Erni R, Nishiwaki S, Buecheler S, Tiwari A N 2013 Nat. Mater. 12 1107
[2] Powalla M, Jackson P, Witte W, Hariskos D, Paetel S, Tschamber C, Wischmann W 2013 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 119 51
[3] Komaki H, Furue S, Yamada A, Ishizuka S, Shibata H, Matsubara K, Niki S 2012 Prog. Photovoltaics 20 595
[4] Liu F F, Sun Y, He Q 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 047201 (in Chinese) [刘芳芳, 孙云, 何青 2014 63 047201]
[5] Chen D S, Yang J, Xu F, Zhou P H, Du H W, Shi J W, Yu Z S, Zhang Y H, Bartholomeusz B, Ma Z Q 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 018801
[6] Niki S, Contreras M, Repins I, Powalla M, Kushiya K, Ishizuka S, Matsubara K 2010 Prog. Photovoltaics 18 453
[7] Cahen D, Noufi R 1992 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 53 991
[8] Purwins M, Weber A, Berwian P, Mller G, Hergert F, Jost S, Hock R 2006 J. Cryst. Growth 287 408
[9] Pan H P, Bo L K, Huang T W, Zhang Y, Yu T, Yao S D 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 228801 (in Chinese) [潘惠平, 薄连坤, 黄太武, 张毅, 于涛, 姚淑德 2012 61 228801]
[10] Liang H F, Avachat U, Liu W, van Duren J, Le M 2012 Solid-State Electron. 76 95
[11] Hsu H R, Hsu S C, Liu Y S 2012 Sol. Energy 86 48
[12] Kim W K, Hanket G M, Shafarman W N 2011 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95 235
[13] Lin Y C, Yen W T, Chen Y L, Wang L Q, Jih F W 2011 Physica B 406 824
[14] Chanatana J, Murata M, Higuchi T, Watanabe T, Teraji S, Kawamura K, Minemoto T 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 084501
[15] Schroeder D, Berry G, Rockett A 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 4068
[16] Huang J H 1996 Diffusion in Metals and Alloys (Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press) p50 (in Chinese) [黄继华 1996 金属及合金中的扩散(北京:冶金工业出版社)第50页]
[17] Han A J, Sun Y, Li Z G, Li B Y, He J J, Zhang Y, Liu W 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 048401 (in Chinese) [韩安军, 孙云, 李志国, 李博研, 何静靖, 张毅, 刘玮 2013 62 048401]
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