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On the basis of the traditional bulk heterojunction structure, we introduce a method of gradient doping in the mixing layer to improve photoelectric conversion efficiency (ηp) of organic photovoltaic device (OPV). One of the devices with the structure of ITO/CuPc (10 nm)/CuPc:C60 (2:1) (4 nm)/CuPc:C60 (1.5:1) (4 nm)/CuPc:C60 (1:1) (4 nm)/CuPc:C60 (1:1.5) (4 nm)/CuPc:C60 (1:2) (4 nm)/C60 (30 nm)/Bphen (8 nm)/Al (100 nm) show the improvement on performance:short-circuit current JSC = 9.18 mA/cm2, photoelectric conversion efficiency ηp = 1.35% under AM1.5 solar illumination. Compared with ηp of the traditional bulk heterojunction OPV ITO/CuPc(10 nm)/CuPc:C60 (1:1) (20 nm)/C60(30 nm)/Bphen(8 nm)/Al(100 nm), the ηp of the present structure is improved by 25%, which is attributed to the improvement on percolating paths of donor and acceptor molecules across the entire mixing layer, thus increasing the charge collection efficiency. Consequently, the overall device series resistance is reduced and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is enhanced.
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Keywords:
- organic solar cells /
- bulk heterojunction /
- gradient doping
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[2] Brabec C J, Gowrisanker S, Halls J J M, Laird D, Jia S, Williams S P 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 3839
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[11] Uchida S, Xue J G, Rand B P, Forrest S R 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 4218
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[13] Xue J G, Rand B P, Uchida S, Forrest S R 2005 Adv. Mater. 17 66
[14] Gebeyehu D, Maennig B, Drechsel J, Leo K, Pfeiffer M 2003 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 79 81
[15] Forrest S R, Peumans P 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 126
[16] Wang Y, Yu J C, Zhang Y 2010 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94 263
[17] Peumans P, Yakimov A, Forrest S R 2003 J. Appl. Phys. 93 3693
[18] Huang J, Yu J S, Guan Z Q, Jiang Y D 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 143301
[19] He Y J, Chen H, Hou J H, Li Y F 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 1377
[20] Haugeneder A, Neges M, Kallinger C, Spirkl W, Lemmer U, Feldmann J 1999 Phys. Rev. B 59 15346
[21] Kippelen B, Brédas J L 2009 Energy Environ. Sci. 2 251
[22] Peumans P, Uchida S, Forrest S R 2003 Nature 425 158
[23] Luo Y, Duan Y, Chen P, Zang C L, Xie Y, Zhao Y, Liu S Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 147801 (in Chinese) [骆杨, 段羽, 陈平, 臧春亮, 谢月, 赵毅, 刘式墉 2012 61 147801]
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[1] Park S H, Roy A, Beaupre S, Cho S, Coates N, Moon J S, Moses D, Leclerc M, Lee K, Heeger A J 2009 Nature Photon. 3 297
[2] Brabec C J, Gowrisanker S, Halls J J M, Laird D, Jia S, Williams S P 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 3839
[3] Liang Y Y, Xu Z, Xia J B, Tsai S T, Wu Y, Li G, Ray C, Yu L P 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 E135
[4] Chen H Y, Hou J H, Zhang S Q, Liang Y Y, Yang G W, Yang Y, Yu L P, Wu Y, Li G 2009 Nature Photon. 3 649
[5] Service R F 2011 Science 332 293
[6] Xing H W, Peng Y Q, Yang Q S, Ma C Z, Wang R S, Li X S 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 7374 (in Chinese) [邢宏伟, 彭应全, 杨青森, 马朝柱, 汪润生, 李训栓 2008 57 7374]
[7] Drechsel J, Männig B, Kozlowski F, Pfeiffer M, Leo K, Hoppe H 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 244102
[8] Xu Z, Zhao S L, Zhang F J, Kong C, Cao W Z, Gong W, Liu R, Cao X N 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 058801 (in Chinese) [徐征, 赵谡玲, 张福俊, 孔超, 曹文喆, 龚伟, 刘瑞, 曹晓宁 2011 60 058801]
[9] Hao Q Y, Hu Z Y, Zhang J J, Zhao Y, Hao Z H 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 117106 (in Chinese) [郝秋艳, 胡子阳, 张建军, 赵颖, 郝志红 2011 60 117106]
[10] Taima T, Toyoshima S, Hara K, Saito K, Yase K 2006 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45 L217
[11] Uchida S, Xue J G, Rand B P, Forrest S R 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 4218
[12] Tang C W 1986 Appl. Phys. Lett. 48 183
[13] Xue J G, Rand B P, Uchida S, Forrest S R 2005 Adv. Mater. 17 66
[14] Gebeyehu D, Maennig B, Drechsel J, Leo K, Pfeiffer M 2003 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 79 81
[15] Forrest S R, Peumans P 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 126
[16] Wang Y, Yu J C, Zhang Y 2010 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94 263
[17] Peumans P, Yakimov A, Forrest S R 2003 J. Appl. Phys. 93 3693
[18] Huang J, Yu J S, Guan Z Q, Jiang Y D 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 143301
[19] He Y J, Chen H, Hou J H, Li Y F 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 1377
[20] Haugeneder A, Neges M, Kallinger C, Spirkl W, Lemmer U, Feldmann J 1999 Phys. Rev. B 59 15346
[21] Kippelen B, Brédas J L 2009 Energy Environ. Sci. 2 251
[22] Peumans P, Uchida S, Forrest S R 2003 Nature 425 158
[23] Luo Y, Duan Y, Chen P, Zang C L, Xie Y, Zhao Y, Liu S Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 147801 (in Chinese) [骆杨, 段羽, 陈平, 臧春亮, 谢月, 赵毅, 刘式墉 2012 61 147801]
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