Generation and independent-manipulation of multi-channel high-capacity perfect vector vortex beams based on geometric metasurfaces

ZHANG Shenglan; TIAN Ximin; XU Junwei; XU Yaning; LI Liang; LIU Jielong

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20241725

Abstract

Perfect vector vortex beams (PVVBs), which are characterized by spiral phase, donut-shaped intensity profile and inhomogeneous polarization of a light beam carrying spin angular momentum (SAM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM), have a constant bright ring radius and ring width which are unaffected by the changes of their carrying topological charge (TC), thus making them highly valuable in many optical fields. Metasurfaces, as planar optical devices composed of subwavelength nanostructures, can precisely control the phase, polarization, and amplitude of electromagnetic waves, providing a revolutionary solution for integrated vector field manipulation devices. However, existing metasurfaces still encounter significant challenges in generating high-capacity, polarization- and orbital angular momentum-independent controlled perfect vector vortex beams. In order to solve this problem, in this work a spin-multiplexing scheme based on pure geometric phase modulation on a metasurface platform is used to achieve high-capacity polarization- and OAM-independent controlled PVVBs. The metasurfaces with a combined phase profile of a spiral phase plate, an axicon, and a focusing (Fourier) lens are spatially encoded by rectangular Ge₂Sb₂Se₄Te₁ (GSST) nanopillar with various orientations on a CaF₂ square substrate. When illuminated by circularly polarized light with opposite chirality, the metasurfaces can generate various perfect vector vortex beams (PVBs) with arbitrary topological charges. For linearly polarized incidence, the metasurface is employed to induce PVVBs by coherently superposing PVBs with spin-opposite OAM modes. The polarization states and polarization orders of the generated PVVBs can be flexibly customized by controlling the initial phase difference, amplitude ratio, and topological charges of the two orthogonal PVB components. Notably, through precisely designing the metasurface’s phase distribution and the propagation path of the generated beams, the space and polarization multiplexing can be realized in a compact manner of spatial PVVB arrays, significantly increasing both information channels and dimensions for the development of vortex communication capacity. With these findings, we demonstrate an innovative optical information encryption scheme by using a single metasurface to encode personalized polarization states and OAM in parallel channels embedded within multiple PVVBs. This work aims to establish an ultra-compact, robust platform for generating multi-channel high-capacity polarization- and OAM-independent controlled PVVBs in the mid-infrared range, and promote their applications in optical encryption, particle manipulation, and quantum optics.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China

Corresponding author: TIAN Ximin, xmtian007@zua.edu.cn ; XU Junwei, xujunwei001@zua.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12004347), the Scientific and Technological Project in Henan Province, China (Grant Nos. 242102211081, 232102320057), the Youth Backbone Project in Henan Province, China (Grant No. 2023GGJS113), the Key Scientific Research Projects of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province, China (Grant Nos. 24A140025, 25B140009), and the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2020Z073055002).

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References

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图 1 (a)基于超构表面生成多通大容量PVVBs的效果示意图; (b) HyOPS模型; (c) 螺旋相位、锥透镜相位和双曲透镜相位叠加而成的超构表面相位剖面

Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the metasurface-enabled generation of multi-channel high-capacity PVVBs; (b) the HyOPS model; (c) the phase profile of the metasurface obtained by combining the phases of a spiral phase plate, an axicon, and a hyperbolic metalens.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a) 基于纯几何相位调制的自旋多路复用超构表面生成PVVB原理图; (b)最优单元结构在不同波长x-, y-LP光入射下的透射率(T_xx, T_yy)和相移(ϕ_xx, ϕ_yy); (c) 超构原子在波长为4.4 μm x-LP、和y-LP光入射下产生的磁场H_y和H_x分布剖面图; (d) 当GSST纳米柱处于不同旋向角时, 最优单元结构在圆偏振光入射下的透射率和相移, 插图为纳米柱单元结构透视图和俯视图

Figure 2. (a) Operating principle for generating multi-channel high-capacity PVVBs by using a spin-multiplexed metasurface based on pure geometric phase modulation; (b) simulated transmission (T_xx, T_yy) and phase shift (ϕ_xx, ϕ_yy) of the optimized unit cell under x- and y-polarized illumination at different wavelengths; (c) magnetic components H_y and H_x existing in GSST nanopillar excited by x-polarized and y-polarized incident light of λ = 4.4 μm; (d) calculated transmission and phase shift of the optimized unit cell under circularly polarized illumination as a function of the rotation angle of the anisotropic GSST nanopillars, with insets showing the perspective and top views of unit cells.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 在x-LP光照射下, (a) 4种模式PVVBs在x-z平面上电场强度分布; (b)在焦平面上电场强度分布曲线; (c)在焦平面上亮环半径; (d)在z = 140, 200和260 μm三个横截面上的亮环半径; (e)在焦平面上的亮环宽度; (f)转化效率; (g)在HyOPS上位置分布; (h) x-LP光照射下, 4种模式PVVBs在不同偏振片下对应的电场强度分布, 斯托克斯参数(S₀, S₁, S₂和S₃)及偏振方向(Ω)

Figure 3. Under x-LP illumination, (a) the electric field intensity distributions of the four mode PVVBs in the x-z plane; (b) the intensity profiles at the focal plane; (c) the radii of the bright rings at the focal plane; (d) the radii of the bright rings at z = 140, 200 and 260 μm cross-sections; (e) the widths of the bright rings at the focal plane; (f) conversion efficiency; (g) their spatial distributions on the HyOPS; (h) under x-LP illumination, the electric field intensity distributions, Stokes parameters (S₀, S₁, S₂ and S₃) and polarization orientations (Ω) of the four mode PVVBs under different polarizers.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 超构表面MF5在LCP光下生成RCP PVBs阵列的电场强度分布图(a)及在LP光下生成的32重PVVBs E_x分布图(b)和E_y分布图(c); (d)对应模式PVVBs的矢量场分布和偏振角度分布; (e) PVVBs代码表; (f) 编码方法和编码表; (g) 105个包含两字节的十六进制数序列; (h), (i)解密的文本信息

Figure 4. Electric field intensity distributions of the RCP PVB array generated by the metasurface MF5 under LCP illumination (a), and E_x (b) and E_y (c) intensity distributions of 32-fold PVVBs generated by the metasurface MF5 under LP illumination; (d) vector field distributions and polarization orientation of the corresponding mode PVVBs; (e) codebook of the PVVBs; (f) encoding method and the encoding diagram; (g) a sequence of 105 hexadecimal numbers consisting of two bytes; (h), (i) the decrypted text information.

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表 1 Mode 1—4 PVVBs对应的具体参数

Table 1. Specific parameters of the mode 1–4 PVVBs.

Mode	M∶N	l_n	l_m	(∆x, ∆y)/μm	f/μm	∆δ
1	2∶1	–1	1	(0, 0)	200	0
2	1∶2	–3	3	(0, 0)	200	π/2
3	1∶1	3	–3	(0, 0)	200	π
4	1∶1	–6	6	(0, 0)	200	3π/2

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 MF5的具体参数

Table 2. Specific parameters of the MF5.

S	C_s	l_n	l_m	∆x/μm	∆y/μm	f/μm	∆δ
1	1	–8	9	–150	350	200	π/15
2	1/8	–1	2	–50	350	200	7π/15
3	1/4	–4	4	50	350	200	10π/15
4	1	–8	8	150	350	200	2π/15
5	1/2	–5	6	–150	250	200	15π/15
6	1/2	–6	6	–50	250	200	6π/15
7	1/8	–1	1	50	250	200	0
8	1/8	–2	2	150	250	200	14π/15
9	1/4	–3	3	–150	150	200	9π/15
10	1/2	–5	5	–50	150	200	8π/15
11	1/2	–6	7	50	150	200	5π/15
12	1/8	–2	3	150	150	200	13π/15
13	1	–7	8	–150	50	200	3π/15
14	1/4	–3	4	–50	50	200	12π/15
15	1/4	–4	5	50	50	200	11π/15
16	1	–7	7	150	50	200	4π/15
17	1/8	–1	1	–150	–50	300	12π/15
18	1/4	–4	4	–50	–50	300	3π/15
19	1/4	–4	5	50	–50	300	2π/15
20	1/8	–1	2	150	–50	300	8π/15
21	1/2	–5	6	–150	–150	300	14π/15
22	1/8	–2	3	–50	–150	300	5π/15
23	1/2	–6	6	50	–150	300	6π/15
24	1/2	–5	5	150	–150	300	7π/15
25	1	–7	7	–150	–250	300	π/15
26	1	–7	8	–50	–250	300	4π/15
27	1	–8	9	50	–250	300	11π/15
28	1/8	–2	2	150	–250	300	14π/15
29	1/4	–3	3	–150	–350	300	10π/15
30	1	–8	8	–50	–350	300	15π/15
31	1/2	–6	7	50	–350	300	13π/15
32	1/4	–3	4	150	–350	300	9π/15

DownLoad: CSV

map

[1]	Guo Y H, Zhang S C, Pu M B, He Q, Jin J J, Xu M F, Zhang Y X, Gao P, Luo X G 2021 Light: Sci. Appl. 10 63 Google Scholar
[2]	Shen Y J, Yang X L, Naidoo D, Fu X, Forbes A 2020 Optica 7 820 Google Scholar
[3]	Liu Z X, Liu Y Y, Ke Y G, Liu Y C, Shu W X, Luo H L, Wen S C 2016 Photonics Res. 5 15 Google Scholar
[4]	Liu M Z, Huo P C, Zhu W Q, Zhang C, Zhang S, Song M W, Zhang S, Zhou Q W, Chen L, Lezec H 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 2230 Google Scholar
[5]	Xu Y N, Tian X M, Xu J W, Zhang S L, Huang Y F, Li L, Liu J L, Xu K, Yu Z J, Li Z Y 2024 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 57 425104 Google Scholar
[6]	Ma Y B, Rui G H, Gu B, Cui Y P 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 14611 Google Scholar
[7]	Shao W, Huang S J, Liu X P, Chen M S 2018 Opt. Commun. 427 545 Google Scholar
[8]	Xu Y, Su X R, Chai Z, Li J L 2024 Laser Photon. Rev. 18 2300355 Google Scholar
[9]	Niv A A, Biener G, Kleiner V, Hasman E 2006 Opt. Express 14 4208 Google Scholar
[10]	Ostrovsky A S, Rickenstorff-Parrao C, Arrizón V 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 534 Google Scholar
[11]	Vaity P, Rusch L 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 597 Google Scholar
[12]	Li D L, Feng S T, Nie S P, Chang C L, Ma J, Yuan C J 2019 J. Appl. Phys. 125 073105 Google Scholar
[13]	Zou X J, Zheng G G, Yuan Q, Zang W B, Chen R, Li T Y, Li L, Wang S M, Wang Z L, Zhu S N 2020 PhotoniX 1 1 Google Scholar
[14]	Zhang C Y, Zhang B F, Ge S K, Han C X, Wang S Z, Han Q Y, Gao W, Chu T S, Dong J, Zhang M D 2024 Opt. Express 32 31359 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhang X L, Gong Y H, Li M, Li H 2024 Opt. Express 32 8069 Google Scholar
[16]	Kim I, Ansari M A, Mehmood M Q, Kim W Q, Jang J, Zubair M, Kim Y K, Rho J 2020 Adv. Mater. 32 2004664 Google Scholar
[17]	Huang Y F, Tian X M, Zhang S L, Xu Y N, Xu J W, Yu Z J, Jiang T, Li Z Y 2024 Opt. Lasers Eng. 183 108523 Google Scholar
[18]	He H R, Peng M Y, Cao G T, Li Y B, Liu H, Yang H 2024 Opt. Laser Technol. 180 111555 Google Scholar
[19]	Liu Y C, Ke Y G, Zhou J X, Liu Y Y, Luo H L, Wen S C, Fan D Y 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 44096 Google Scholar
[20]	Zhang Y C, Liu W W, Gao J, Yang X D 2018 Adv. Opt. Mater. 6 1701228 Google Scholar
[21]	Tian S N, Qian, Z H, Guo H M 2022 Opt. Express 30 21808 Google Scholar
[22]	Liu Y, Zhou C X, Guo K L, Wei Z C, Liu H Z 2022 Opt. Express 30 30881 Google Scholar
[23]	Vogliardi A, Ruffato G, Bonaldo D, Zilio S D, Romanato F 2023 Opt. Lett. 48 4925 Google Scholar
[24]	Gu M N, Cheng C, Zhan Z J, Zhang Z H, Cui G S, Zhou Y X, Zeng X Y, Gao S, Choi D Y, Cheng C F 2024 ACS Photonics 11 204 Google Scholar
[25]	He J N, Wan M L, Zhang X P, Yuan S Q, Zhang L F, Wang J Q 2022 Opt. Express 30 4806 Google Scholar
[26]	Zhou T, Liu Q, Liu Y S, Zang X F 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 5941 Google Scholar
[27]	Huang K, Deng J, Leong H S, Yap S L K, Yang R B, Teng J H, Liu H 2019 Laser Photonics Rev. 13 1800289 Google Scholar
[28]	Xie J F, Guo H M, Zhuang S L, Hu J B 2021 Opt. Express 29 3081 Google Scholar
[29]	Zhang Z H, Li T, Jiao X F, Song G F, Xu Y 2020 Appl. Sci. 10 5716 Google Scholar

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