Progress of detecting orbital angular momentum states of optical vortices through diffraction gratings

Fu Shi-Yao; Gao Chun-Qing

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20171899

Abstract

Optical vortices are a new kind of laser beam and receiving more and more attention currently.The complex amplitudes of optical vortices comprise a helical term exp (il),with l being the topological charge and the azimuthal angle.Each photon in optical vortices carries the orbital angular momentum (OAM) with a value of lħ,where ħ is the Planck's constant divided by 2.The topological charge l is the eigenvalue of optical vortices,and determines the helical wavefront distribution,thus also known as OAM state.Moreover,such an OAM state can be an infinite integer state. And vortices with various OAM states are orthogonal to each other,making it possible to be employed in high capacity data-transmission system.In addition,the above unique features contribute to their widely applications in lots of areas such as optical tweezers and spanners,rotation detection,quantum entanglement,etc.In these applications,detecting OAM states is basic,and greatly significant.Recently researchers have developed lots of approaches to detecting the OAM states,including the methods of interference,diffraction gratings,metasurface,etc.Of such approaches,the scheme of diffraction gratings is the simplest and most widely used,where one or more diffraction gratings are employed. When optical vortices propagate through such gratings,the OAM states are acquired immediately through capturing and analyzing the distinct OAM-related diffraction patterns.In this review,we focus on the techniques of detecting OAM states through diffraction gratings,which have been demonstrated by our group and other researchers.Some of the main detection gratings,including double-slit,triangle aperture and slit,angular slit,cylindrical lens,graduallychanging-period grating,annular grating,are introduced.In addition,schemes like composite fork grating,Dammann vortex grating and integrated Dammann grating,are presented to detect the OAM state for coaxial multiplexed vortices. Besides diagnosing OAM state,measuring the intensity proportion of each OAM channel,known as OAM spectrum, in multiplexed vortices is also necessary in some cases.Therefore we also introduce the ways to measure the OAM spectrum,e.g.the OAM mode sorter,the gray-scale algorithm.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Corresponding author: Gao Chun-Qing, gao@bit.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2014CB340002, 2014CB340004).

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Cited By

[1]	Yao A M, Padgett M J 2011 Adv. Opt. Photon. 3 161
[2]	Allen L, Beijersbergen M W, Spreeuw R J C, et al. 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 8185
[3]	Volke-Sepulveda K, Garcs-Chvez V, Chvez-Cerda S, et al. 2002 J. Opt. B, Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 4 S82
[4]	Vasara A, Turunen J, Friberg A T 1989 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 6 1748
[5]	Kotlyar V V, Skidanov R V, Khonina S N, Soifer V A 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 742
[6]	Amos B, Gill P 1995 Meas. Sci. Technol. 6 248
[7]	Fu S, Gao C, Shi Y, et al. 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 1775
[8]	Liu S, Li P, Peng T, Zhao J 2012 Opt. Express 20 21715
[9]	Fu S, Zhang S, Gao C 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 30765
[10]	Wang J, Yang J Y, Fazal I M, et al. 2012 Nat. Photon. 6 488
[11]	Bozinovic N, Yue Y, Ren Y, et al. 2013 Science 340 1545
[12]	Willner A E, Huang H, Yan Y, et al. 2015 Adv. Opt. Photon. 7 66
[13]	Yu S 2015 Opt. Express 23 3075
[14]	Belmonte A, Rosales-Guzman C, Torres J P 2015 Optica 2 1002
[15]	Ryabtsev A, Pouya S, Safaripour A, et al. 2016 Opt. Express 24 11762
[16]	Lavery M P J, Speirits F C, Barnett S M, et al. 2013 Science 341 537
[17]	Fu S, Wang T, Zhang Z, Zhai Y, Gao C 2017 Opt. Express 25 20098
[18]	Basistiy I V, Bazhenov V, Soskin M S, et al. 1993 Opt. Commun. 103 422
[19]	Harris M, Hill C, Tapster P, et al. 1994 Phys. Rev. A 49 3119
[20]	Soskin M, Gorshkov V, Vasnetsov M, et al. 1997 Phys. Rev. A 56 4064
[21]	Leach J, Padgett M J, Barnett S M, et al. 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 257901
[22]	Wei H, Xue X, Leach J, Padgett M J, et al. 2003 Opt. Commun. 223 117
[23]	Leach J, Courtial J, Skeldon K, et al. 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 013601
[24]	Vasnetsov M V, Torres J P, Petrov D V, et al. 2003 Opt. Lett. 28 2285
[25]	Yu N, Capasso F 2014 Nat. Mater. 13 139
[26]	Jin J, Luo J, Zhang X, et al. 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 24286
[27]	Liu J, Min C, Lei T, et al. 2016 Opt. Express 24 212
[28]	Sztul H I, Alfano R R 2006 Opt. Lett. 31 999
[29]	Emile O, Emile J 2014 Appl. Phys. B 117 487
[30]	Hickmann J M, Fonseca E J, Soares W C, et al. 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 053904
[31]	Soares W C, Vidal I, Caetano D P, Fonseca E J, Chvez-Cerda S, Hickmann J M 2008 Frontiers in Optics Rochester, New York, United States, October 19-23, 2008 pFThO2
[32]	Stahl C, Gbur G 2016 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 33 1175
[33]	Liu Y, Tao H, Pu J, et al. 2011 Opt. Laser Technol. 43 1233
[34]	Liu R, Long J, Wang F, et al. 2013 J. Opt. 15 125712
[35]	Fu D, Chen D, Liu R, et al. 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 788
[36]	Zhu J, Zhang P, Fu D, et al. 2016 Photon. Res. 4 187
[37]	Beijersbergen M W, Allen L, van der Veen H E L O, Woerdman J P 1993 Opt. Commun. 96 123
[38]	Gao C, Wei G, Weber H 2001 Chin. Phys. Lett. 18 771
[39]	Gao M W, Gao C Q, He X Y, et al. 2004 Acta Phys. Sin. 53 413 (in Chinese) [高明伟, 高春清, 何晓燕, 等 2004 53 413]
[40]	Serna J, Encinas-Sanz F, Neme G 2001 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18 1726
[41]	Denisenko V G, Soskin M S, Vasnetsov M V 2002 Proc. SPIE 4607 54
[42]	Denisenko V, Shvedov V, Desyatnikov A S, Neshev D N, Krolikowski W, Volyar A, Soskin M, Kivshar Y S 2009 Opt. Express 17 23374
[43]	Alperin S N, Niederriter R D, Gopinath J T, et al. 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 5019
[44]	Vaity P, Banerji J, Singh R P 2013 Phys. Lett. A 377 1154
[45]	Chaitanya N A, Jabir M V, Samanta G K 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 1348
[46]	Dai K, Gao C, Zhong L, et al. 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 562
[47]	Li Y, Deng J, Li J, et al. 2016 IEEE Photon. J. 8 7902306
[48]	Fu S, Wang T, Gao Y, Gao C 2016 Chin. Opt. Lett. 14 080501
[49]	Zheng S, Wang J 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 40781
[50]	Gibson G, Courtial J, Barnett S, et al. 2004 Proc. SPIE 5550 p367
[51]	Gibson G, Courtial J, Padgett M, et al. 2004 Opt. Express 12 5448
[52]	Xin J T 2013 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology) (in Chinese) [辛璟焘 2013 博士学位论文 (北京: 北京理工大学)]
[53]	Moreno I, Davis J A, Pascoguin B M, et al. 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 2927
[54]	Zhang N, Burge R E, Yuan X C 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 3495
[55]	Fu S, Wang T, Zhang S, Gao C 2016 Appl. Opt. 55 1514
[56]	Berkhout G C, Lavery M P J, Courtial J, et al. 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 153601
[57]	Lavery M P J, Berkhout G C G, Courtial J, et al. 2011 J. Opt. 13 064006
[58]	Lavery M P J, Robertson D J, Berkhout G C G, et al. 2012 Opt. Express 20 2110
[59]	Mirhosseini M, Malik M, Shi Z, et al. 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2781
[60]	Fu S, Zhang S, Wang T, Gao C 2016 Opt. Express 24 6240

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Vol. 67, Issue 3 - 2018-02-05

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