Law and mechanism of impact velocity on spalling and fracture behavior of single crystal nickel

Wang Lu-Sheng; Luo Long; Liu Hao; Yang Xin; Ding Jun; Song Kun; Lu Shi-Qing; Huang Xia

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240244

Abstract

In order to reveal the influence of impact velocity (U_p) on the spalling and fracture behavior of single crystal nickel, a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics approach is adopted to investigate the free surface velocity curve, radial distribution function, atomic crystal structures, dislocations, and void evolution process. The results show that the critical impact velocity U_p for spalling behavior in single crystal nickel is 1.5 km/s, and when U_p ≤ 1.5 km/s the spallation mechanism is classical spallation damage and when U_p >1.5 km/s it behaves as micro-spallation damage. The pore number and distribution area, and stress distribution area under micro-spallation damage are much higher than those under classical spallation damage. The influence of impact velocity on the classical spalling damage behavior (U_p ≤ 1.5 km/s) is analyzed and the corresponding spalling strength is obtained, indicating that an accident of spalling strength occurs when U_p is 1.3 km/s. The spalling strength of single crystal nickel is influenced by the combined effects of stacking faults, phase transformation, and dislocation. As the nucleation and emission of dislocations increase, the spalling strength decreases. When U_p < 1.3 km/s, the spalling damage is mainly due to stacking faults. When U_p = 1.3 km/s, the spalling strength is mainly affected by the competition between stacking faults and phase transformation. When U_p > 1.3 km/s, spalling strength is predominantly influenced by the body-centered cubic (BCC) phase transformation mechanism (transformation path: FCC → BCT → BCC). This study reveals the impact velocity-dependent patterns, mechanisms, and effects on spalling damage and fracture, providing a theoretical basis for realizing the protective application of nickel-based materials under extreme impact conditions.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
2.
School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China

Corresponding author: Huang Xia, huangxia@cqut.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12202081), the National Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (Grant No. CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0363), and the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, China (Grant No. KJQN202301117).

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References

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[4]	余文韬, 黄佩珍 2018 力学学报 50 828 Google Scholar Yu W T, Huang P Z 2018 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 50 828 Google Scholar
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[6]	Ogorodnikov V A, Mikhaĭlov A L, Burtsev V V, Lobastov S A, Erunov S V, Romanov A V, Rudnev A V, Kulakov E V, Bazarov Y B, Glushikhin V V, Kalashnik I A, Tsyganov V A, Tkachenko B I 2009 J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 109 530 Google Scholar
[7]	Huang L Q, Wang J, Momeni A, Wang S F 2021 Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31 2116 Google Scholar
[8]	Curran D R, Seaman L, Shockey D A 1987 Phys. Rep. 147 253 Google Scholar
[9]	Ren K R, Liu H Y, Ma R, Chen S, Zhang S Y, Wang R X, Chen R, Tang Y, Li S, Lu F Y 2023 J. Mater. Sci. Tech. 161 201 Google Scholar
[10]	Luo Q S, Kitchen M, Li J B, Li W B, Li Y Z 2023 Wear 523 204779 Google Scholar
[11]	Zhang W L, Kennedy G B, Muly K, Li P J, Thadhani N N 2020 Int. J. Impact Eng. 146 103725 Google Scholar
[12]	Cheng J C, Chai H W, Fan G L, Li Z Q, Xie H L, Tan Z Q, Bie B X, Huang J Y, Luo S N 2020 Carbon 170 589 Google Scholar
[13]	Ren Y, Li Z, Zhang Z Y, Zhang Z Y, Chen R, Li Z Y, Tan C W, Chen P W 2022 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 860 144320 Google Scholar
[14]	Molinari A, Wright T W 2005 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 53 1476 Google Scholar
[15]	Luo S N, An Q, Germann T C, Han L B 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 106 013502 Google Scholar
[16]	Liao Y, Xiang M Z, Li G M, Wang K, Zhang X Y, Chen J 2018 Mech. Mater. 126 13 Google Scholar
[17]	Wang Y T, Zeng X G, Yang X, Xu T L 2022 Comput. Mater. Sci. 201 110870 Google Scholar
[18]	Liao Y, Xiang M Z, Zeng X G, Chen J 2014 Comput. Mater. Sci. 95 89 Google Scholar
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[20]	Li P, Wang L S, Yan S L, Meng M, Zhou Y F, Xue K M 2021 Int. J. Refract. Met. H. 94 105376 Google Scholar
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[23]	Liao Y, Xiang M Z, Zeng X G, Chen J 2015 Mech. Mater. 84 12 Google Scholar
[24]	Li W H, Yao X H 2016 Comput. Mater. Sci. 124 151 Google Scholar
[25]	He L, Wang F, Zeng X G, Yang X, Qi Z P 2020 Mech. Mater. 143 103343 Google Scholar
[26]	Chen B, Li Y L, Şopu D, Eckert J, Wu W P 2023 Int. J. Plasticity 162 103539 Google Scholar
[27]	Jiang D D, Shao J L, Wu B, Wang P, He A M 2022 Scripta Mater. 210 114474 Google Scholar
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[33]	Chen B, Wu W P, Chen M X 2022 Comput. Mater. Sci. 202 111015 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhou X W, Johnson R A, Wadley H N G 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 144113 Google Scholar
[35]	Kedharnath A, Kapoor R, Sarkar A 2021 Comput. Struct. 254 106614 Google Scholar
[36]	Potirniche G P, Horstemeyer M F, Wagner G J, Gullett P M 2006 Int. J. Plasticity 22 257 Google Scholar
[37]	Wang W D, Yi C L, Fan K Q 2013 Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 23 3353 Google Scholar
[38]	周延, 蔡洋, 卢磊 2022 实验力学 37 183 Zhou Y, Cai Y, Lu L 2022 J. Exp. Mech. 37 183
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[40]	王云天, 曾祥国, 陈华燕, 杨鑫, 王放, 祁忠鹏 2021 爆炸与冲击 41 139 Google Scholar Wang Y T, Zeng X G, Chen H Y, Yang X, Wang F, Qi Z P 2021 Explo. Shock Waves 41 139 Google Scholar
[41]	杨鑫, 赵晗, 高学军, 陈臻林, 王放, 曾祥国 2023 爆炸与冲击 43 29 Google Scholar Yang X, Zhao Han, Gao X J, Chen Z L, Wang F, Zeng X G 2023 Explo. Shock Waves 43 29 Google Scholar
[42]	Zhou T T, He A M, Wang P, Shao J L 2019 Comput. Mater. Sci. 162 255 Google Scholar
[43]	Thürmer D, Zhao S T, Deluigi O R, Stan C, Alhafez I A, Urbassek H M, Meyers M A, Bringa E M, Gunkelmann N 2022 J. Alloys Compd. 895 162567 Google Scholar
[44]	王嘉楠, 伍鲍, 何安民, 吴凤超, 王裴, 吴恒安 2021 高压 35 4 Google Scholar Wang J N, Wu B, He A M, Wu F C, Wang P, Wu H A 2021 Chin. J. High Pressure Phys. 35 4 Google Scholar
[45]	Mescheryakov Y I, Divakov A K, Zhigacheva N I 2000 Shock Waves 10 43 Google Scholar
[46]	Tang J F, Xiao J C, Deng L, Li W, Zhang X M, Wang L, Xiao S F, Deng H Q, Hu W Y 2018 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20 28039 Google Scholar
[47]	Wang K, Zhu W J, Xiang M Z, Xu Y, Li G M, Chen J 2019 Modell. Simul. Mater. Sc. 27 015001 Google Scholar
[48]	Tuler F R, Butcher B M 1984 International Journal of Fracture 26 322 Google Scholar
[49]	裴晓阳, 彭辉, 贺红亮, 李平 2015 64 034601 Google Scholar Pei X Y, Peng H, He H L, Li P 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 034601 Google Scholar
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[51]	Kanel G I, Rasorenov S V, Utkin A V 1996 High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids II (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp1–24
[52]	白以龙, 柯孚久, 夏蒙棼 1991 力学学报 23 290 Google Scholar Bai Y L, Ke F J, Xia M F 1991 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 23 290 Google Scholar
[53]	Qiu T, Xiong Y N, Xiao S F, Li X F, Hu W Y, Deng H Q 2017 Comput. Mater. Sci. 137 273 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 单晶镍冲击加载模型

Figure 1. Impact loading model of single crystal nickel.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 数值模拟和实验获得的单晶镍的冲击波速度U_s与加载速度U_p的线性关系

Figure 2. Linear relationship between the shock wave velocity U_s and the loading velocity U_p of single crystal nickel.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 不同冲击速度下单晶镍的孔洞演化过程

Figure 3. Void evolution of single crystal nickel at different impact velocities.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 不同冲击速度下单晶镍自由面的速度随时间演化曲线

Figure 4. Time evolution between simulation time and free surface velocity for the single crystal nickel under different impact velocities.

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图 5 不同冲击速度下单晶镍对应初始时刻、压缩时刻、拉伸时刻的RDF

Figure 5. RDF of single crystal nickel corresponding to the initial time, compression time and tensile time at different impact velocities.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 冲击速度为U_p = 1.0—1.5 km/s时的自由面速度曲线和层裂强度

Figure 6. Free surface velocity curve and spalling strength when the impact velocity is U_p = 1.0–1.5 km/s.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 模拟时间t = 5 ps时, 不同冲击速度(U_p = 1.0—1.5 km/s)下单晶镍的截面微观原子构型(CNA表征)

Figure 7. Microscopic atomic configuration (colored by CNA) of single crystal nickel at different impact velocities (U_p = 1.0–1.5 km/s) at simulation time t = 5 ps.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 模拟时间t = 5 ps时, 不同冲击速度(U_p = 1.0—1.5 km/s)下单晶镍晶体结构的原子数目定量统计

Figure 8. Number of crystal structure atoms for the single crystal nickel under different impact velocity (U_p = 1.0–1.5 km/s) at simulation time of 5 ps.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 不同冲击速度(U_p = 1.0—1.5 km/s)下冲击波到达单晶镍自由面时的原子晶体构型和位错构型

Figure 9. Atomic crystal configuration and dislocation configuration when the shock wave reaches the free surface of single crystal nickel at different impact velocities (U_p = 1.0–1.5 km/s).

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图 10 不同冲击速度(U_p = 1.0—1.5 km/s)下单晶镍的位错演化过程

Figure 10. Dislocation evolution of single crystal nickel at different impact velocities (U_p = 1.0–1.5 km/s).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 不同冲击速度(U_p = 1.0—1.5 km/s)下的孔洞成核与断裂微观图

Figure 11. Micrographs of void nucleation and fracture under different impact velocities (U_p = 1.0–1.5 km/s).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 冲击速度分别为0.9 km/s和1.25 km/s时的孔洞成核与断裂微观图

Figure 12. Micrographs of void nucleation and fracture at impact velocities of 0.9 km/s and 1.25 km/s.

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图 13 冲击速度为1 km/s时, 单晶镍的原子构型演化过程(CNA表征)

Figure 13. Evolution of atomic configuration of single crystal nickel at impact velocity of 1 km/s (CNA characterization).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 14 冲击作用下单晶镍中FCC→BCT→ BCC晶体转变原理

Figure 14. Principle of FCC→BCT→ BCC crystal transition in single crystal nickel under impact loading.

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表 1 冲击速度为U_p = 1.0—1.5 km/s时的加载应力和断裂时间

Table 1. Loading stress and fracture time under the impact velocity of U_p = 1.0–1.5 km/s.

冲击速度 U_p/(km·s^–1) 加载应力 P/GPa 断裂时间 t_f/ps

1.0 53.67 3.8

1.1 60.46 3.2

1.2 67.49 2.4

1.3 74.78 1.8

1.4 82.33 1.4

1.5 90.13 1.2

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 冲击速度分别为0.9 km/s和1.25 km/s时的加载应力和断裂时间

Table 2. Loading stress and fracture time under the impact velocity of 0.9 km/s and 1.25 km/s.

冲击速度 U_p (km/s) 加载应力P/GPa 断裂时间t_f/ps

0.9 47.13 5.2
1.25 69.93 2.0

DownLoad: CSV

map

[1]	Tang Y, Wang R X, Xiao B, Zhang Z R, Li S, Qiao J W, Bai S X, Zhang Y, Liaw P K 2023 Prog. Mater. Sci. 135 101090 Google Scholar
[2]	Arcade S, Paul J H, Juan P E, Wang H X, Oromiehie E, Prusty G B, Phillips A W, John N A S 2023 Compos. Part A-Appl. S 173 107674 Google Scholar
[3]	Wang P F, Xu S L 2022 Advances in Experimental Impact Mechanics (Elsevier) pp41–74
[4]	余文韬, 黄佩珍 2018 力学学报 50 828 Google Scholar Yu W T, Huang P Z 2018 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 50 828 Google Scholar
[5]	Mukherjee T, Elmer J W, Wei H L, Lienert T J, Zhang W, Kou S, DebRoy T 2023 Prog. Mater. Sci. 138 101153 Google Scholar
[6]	Ogorodnikov V A, Mikhaĭlov A L, Burtsev V V, Lobastov S A, Erunov S V, Romanov A V, Rudnev A V, Kulakov E V, Bazarov Y B, Glushikhin V V, Kalashnik I A, Tsyganov V A, Tkachenko B I 2009 J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 109 530 Google Scholar
[7]	Huang L Q, Wang J, Momeni A, Wang S F 2021 Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31 2116 Google Scholar
[8]	Curran D R, Seaman L, Shockey D A 1987 Phys. Rep. 147 253 Google Scholar
[9]	Ren K R, Liu H Y, Ma R, Chen S, Zhang S Y, Wang R X, Chen R, Tang Y, Li S, Lu F Y 2023 J. Mater. Sci. Tech. 161 201 Google Scholar
[10]	Luo Q S, Kitchen M, Li J B, Li W B, Li Y Z 2023 Wear 523 204779 Google Scholar
[11]	Zhang W L, Kennedy G B, Muly K, Li P J, Thadhani N N 2020 Int. J. Impact Eng. 146 103725 Google Scholar
[12]	Cheng J C, Chai H W, Fan G L, Li Z Q, Xie H L, Tan Z Q, Bie B X, Huang J Y, Luo S N 2020 Carbon 170 589 Google Scholar
[13]	Ren Y, Li Z, Zhang Z Y, Zhang Z Y, Chen R, Li Z Y, Tan C W, Chen P W 2022 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 860 144320 Google Scholar
[14]	Molinari A, Wright T W 2005 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 53 1476 Google Scholar
[15]	Luo S N, An Q, Germann T C, Han L B 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 106 013502 Google Scholar
[16]	Liao Y, Xiang M Z, Li G M, Wang K, Zhang X Y, Chen J 2018 Mech. Mater. 126 13 Google Scholar
[17]	Wang Y T, Zeng X G, Yang X, Xu T L 2022 Comput. Mater. Sci. 201 110870 Google Scholar
[18]	Liao Y, Xiang M Z, Zeng X G, Chen J 2014 Comput. Mater. Sci. 95 89 Google Scholar
[19]	Schuler H, Mayrhofer C, Thoma K 2006 Int. J. Impact Eng. 32 1635 Google Scholar
[20]	Li P, Wang L S, Yan S L, Meng M, Zhou Y F, Xue K M 2021 Int. J. Refract. Met. H. 94 105376 Google Scholar
[21]	Xiang M Z, Hu H B, Chen J, Long Y 2013 Modell. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 21 055005 Google Scholar
[22]	Kadau K, Germann T C, Lomdahl P S, Holian B L 2002 Science 296 1681 Google Scholar
[23]	Liao Y, Xiang M Z, Zeng X G, Chen J 2015 Mech. Mater. 84 12 Google Scholar
[24]	Li W H, Yao X H 2016 Comput. Mater. Sci. 124 151 Google Scholar
[25]	He L, Wang F, Zeng X G, Yang X, Qi Z P 2020 Mech. Mater. 143 103343 Google Scholar
[26]	Chen B, Li Y L, Şopu D, Eckert J, Wu W P 2023 Int. J. Plasticity 162 103539 Google Scholar
[27]	Jiang D D, Shao J L, Wu B, Wang P, He A M 2022 Scripta Mater. 210 114474 Google Scholar
[28]	Xie H C, Ma Z C, Zhang W, Zhao H W, Ren L Q 2024 J. Mater. Sci. Tech. 175 72 Google Scholar
[29]	程志达, 朱静, 孙铁昱 2011 60 037504 Google Scholar Cheng Z D, Zhu J, Sun T Y 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 037504 Google Scholar
[30]	徐送宁, 张林, 张彩碚, 祁阳 2007 金属学报 43 379 Xu S N, Zhang L, Zhang C B, Qi Y 2007 Acta Metall. Sin. 43 379
[31]	Liu B B, Chen Y C, Guo L, Li X F, Wang K, Deng H Q, Tian Z, Hu W Y, Xiao S F, Yuan D W 2023 Int. J. Mech. Sci. 250 108330 Google Scholar
[32]	杜欣, 袁福平, 熊启林, 张波, 阚前华, 张旭 2022 力学学报 54 2152 Google Scholar Du X, Yuan F P, Xiong Q L, Zhang B, Kan Q H, Zhang X 2022 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 54 2152 Google Scholar
[33]	Chen B, Wu W P, Chen M X 2022 Comput. Mater. Sci. 202 111015 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhou X W, Johnson R A, Wadley H N G 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 144113 Google Scholar
[35]	Kedharnath A, Kapoor R, Sarkar A 2021 Comput. Struct. 254 106614 Google Scholar
[36]	Potirniche G P, Horstemeyer M F, Wagner G J, Gullett P M 2006 Int. J. Plasticity 22 257 Google Scholar
[37]	Wang W D, Yi C L, Fan K Q 2013 Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 23 3353 Google Scholar
[38]	周延, 蔡洋, 卢磊 2022 实验力学 37 183 Zhou Y, Cai Y, Lu L 2022 J. Exp. Mech. 37 183
[39]	Jian W R, Xie Z C, Xu S Z, Yao X H, Beyerlein I J 2022 Scripta Mater. 209 114379 Google Scholar
[40]	王云天, 曾祥国, 陈华燕, 杨鑫, 王放, 祁忠鹏 2021 爆炸与冲击 41 139 Google Scholar Wang Y T, Zeng X G, Chen H Y, Yang X, Wang F, Qi Z P 2021 Explo. Shock Waves 41 139 Google Scholar
[41]	杨鑫, 赵晗, 高学军, 陈臻林, 王放, 曾祥国 2023 爆炸与冲击 43 29 Google Scholar Yang X, Zhao Han, Gao X J, Chen Z L, Wang F, Zeng X G 2023 Explo. Shock Waves 43 29 Google Scholar
[42]	Zhou T T, He A M, Wang P, Shao J L 2019 Comput. Mater. Sci. 162 255 Google Scholar
[43]	Thürmer D, Zhao S T, Deluigi O R, Stan C, Alhafez I A, Urbassek H M, Meyers M A, Bringa E M, Gunkelmann N 2022 J. Alloys Compd. 895 162567 Google Scholar
[44]	王嘉楠, 伍鲍, 何安民, 吴凤超, 王裴, 吴恒安 2021 高压 35 4 Google Scholar Wang J N, Wu B, He A M, Wu F C, Wang P, Wu H A 2021 Chin. J. High Pressure Phys. 35 4 Google Scholar
[45]	Mescheryakov Y I, Divakov A K, Zhigacheva N I 2000 Shock Waves 10 43 Google Scholar
[46]	Tang J F, Xiao J C, Deng L, Li W, Zhang X M, Wang L, Xiao S F, Deng H Q, Hu W Y 2018 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20 28039 Google Scholar
[47]	Wang K, Zhu W J, Xiang M Z, Xu Y, Li G M, Chen J 2019 Modell. Simul. Mater. Sc. 27 015001 Google Scholar
[48]	Tuler F R, Butcher B M 1984 International Journal of Fracture 26 322 Google Scholar
[49]	裴晓阳, 彭辉, 贺红亮, 李平 2015 64 034601 Google Scholar Pei X Y, Peng H, He H L, Li P 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 034601 Google Scholar
[50]	Davison L, Stevens A L 1972 J. Appl. Phys. 43 988 Google Scholar
[51]	Kanel G I, Rasorenov S V, Utkin A V 1996 High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids II (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp1–24
[52]	白以龙, 柯孚久, 夏蒙棼 1991 力学学报 23 290 Google Scholar Bai Y L, Ke F J, Xia M F 1991 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 23 290 Google Scholar
[53]	Qiu T, Xiong Y N, Xiao S F, Li X F, Hu W Y, Deng H Q 2017 Comput. Mater. Sci. 137 273 Google Scholar
[54]	Stukowski A, Bulatov V V, Arsenlis A 2012 Modell. Simul. Mater. Sc. 20 085007 Google Scholar

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Vol. 73, Issue 16 - 2024-08-20

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