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In this work, we use the rapid solidification technique to prepare five kinds of metallic glasses with different Gd content, and investigate in depth the influences of Gd content on the amorphous formation capability, thermal stability, and magnetic properties of (Fe73B22Nb5)100–xGdx (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) alloys. By comparing the microstructural morphology and solute distribution of oxidation products before adding Gd and those after adding Gd, the amorphous oxidation mechanism is analyzed systematically. With the addition of Gd, the atomic size difference of the alloys exceeds 13%, and the configuration entropy increases from 7.27 kJ/(mol·K) to 9.44 kJ/(mol·K). The glass-forming ability of the alloy is significantly improved. The increase of Gd content can increase the glass transition temperature of the alloy to 864 K, and the undercooled liquid region can reach 73 K, significantly enhancing the thermal stability of the metallic glasses. The Gd limits the local anisotropy of the alloy and reduces the density of quasi-dislocation dipole defects. This can effectively reduce the pinning sites that hinder the rotation of magnetic domain walls, thereby improving the soft magnetic property. By comparing with the metallic glasses without Gd, only 2% (atomic percentage) Gd can reduce the coercivity by 8%. Moreover, the Gd makes the metallic glasses more sensitive to temperature variation in the oxidation process, and the temperature of the maximum oxidation rate is reduced by 15 K. However, their antioxidant performance does not deteriorate. The Gd atoms are influenced by binding energy and migrate to the surface, forming Gd-rich oxides. They fill surface defects and occupy a large part of the top space, leading to the structure becoming more compact near the surface. This structure reduces the channels for oxygen atoms to diffuse through the microstructure interface, which helps to improve antioxidant capability. This work provides a new approach for designing high performance Fe-based metallic glasses.
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Keywords:
- rare earth element /
- metallic glass /
- rapid solidification /
- oxidation mechanism
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图 1 四元Fe-B-Nb-Gd非晶合金的相分析 (a) XRD图谱; (b) Gd2合金的TEM明场像及选区电子衍射花样
Figure 1. Phase analysis of quaternary Fe-B-Nb-Gd metallic glasses: (a) XRD patterns; (b) bright-field TEM image and SAED patterns of Gd2 alloy.
图 2 不同Gd含量非晶Fe-B-Nb-Gd合金的DSC曲线 (a) 玻璃转变和结晶曲线; (b) 熔化曲线
Figure 2. DSC curves of Fe-B-Nb-Gd metallic glasses with different Gd contents: (a) Glass transition and crystallization curves; (b) melting curves.
图 3 非晶合金的微观结构及热力学参数 (a) 各组成原子基本参数; (b) 原子尺寸差; (c) 构型熵; (d) 混合焓
Figure 3. Microstructure and thermodynamic parameters of metallic glasses: (a) Basic parameters of each constituent atom; (b) atomic size difference; (c) configuration entropy; (d) enthalpy of mixing.
图 4 四元Fe-B-Nb-Gd非晶合金的磁学性能 (a) 磁滞回线; (b) 剩磁; (c) 矫顽力; (d) 饱和磁化强度
Figure 4. Magnetic properties of quaternary Fe-B-Nb-Gd metallic glasses: (a) Hysteresis loop; (b) remanence; (c) coercivity; (d) saturated magnetization.
图 5 非晶Fe-B-Nb-Gd合金氧化过程与温度的相关性 (a) 氧化增重曲线; (b) 氧化增重速率曲线
Figure 5. Temperature dependence of oxidation process for Fe-B-Nb-Gd metallic glasses: (a) Mass gain curves; (b) mass gain rate curves.
图 6 非晶Fe-B-Nb-Gd合金氧化产物的微观形貌与溶质分布 (a) Gd0; (b) Gd2
Figure 6. Microstructure morphology and solute distribution of oxidation products for Fe-B-Nb-Gd metallic glasses: (a) Gd0; (b) Gd2.
图 7 非晶Fe-B-Nb-Gd合金的氧化机制 (a), (b) 合金原子扩散和氧化物结构模型; (c), (d) 氧元素扩散模型
Figure 7. Oxidation mechanism of Fe-B-Nb-Gd metallic glasses: (a), (b) Atomic diffusion and oxide structure models; (c), (d) oxygen diffusion models.
表 1 (Fe73B22Nb5)100–xGdx (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0)非晶合金的热物性参数
Table 1. Thermophysical parameters of (Fe73B22Nb5)100–xGdx (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) metallic glasses.
Alloy Tg/K Tx/K Tp/K TS/K TL/K ∆T/K Trg γ Gd0 811 855 862 1409 1529 44 0.576 0.365 Gd0.5 826 875 885 1364 1521 49 0.606 0.377 Gd1 838 897 908 1362 1528 59 0.615 0.384 Gd1.5 863 933 941 1359 1504 70 0.635 0.398 Gd2 864 937 943 1357 1494 73 0.637 0.400 
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[1] Inoue A, Zhang T, Takeuchi A 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 464
Google Scholar
[2] Dou L T, Liu H S, Hou L, Xue L, Yang W M, Zhao Y C, Chang C T, Shen B L 2014 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 358 23
Google Scholar
[3] Xu S, Wang J R, Wang N R, Wang T, Han Z H, Wang Y 2021 Mater. Today Commun. 26 101906
Google Scholar
[4] Yoshizawa Y, Oguma S, Yamauchi K 1988 J. Appl. Phys. 64 6044
Google Scholar
[5] Torrens-Serra J, Bruna P, Rodriguez-Viejo J, Roth S, Clavaguera-Mora M T 2010 Intermetallics 18 773
Google Scholar
[6] Suzuki K, Makino A, Inoue A, Masumoto T 1991 J. Appl. Phys. 70 6232
Google Scholar
[7] Shen B L, Akiba M, Inoue A 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 104204
Google Scholar
[8] Ramasamy P, Stoica M, Bera S, Calin M, Eckert J 2017 J. Alloys Compd. 707 78
Google Scholar
[9] 孙吉, 沈鹏飞, 尚其忠, 张鹏雁, 刘莉, 李明瑞, 侯龙, 李维火 2023 72 026101
Google Scholar
Sun J, Shen P F, Shang Q Z, Zhang P Y, Liu L, Li M R, Hou L, Li W H 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 026101
Google Scholar
[10] Guo S F, Chen K C, Xie S H, Yu P, Huang Y J, Zhang H J 2013 J. Non Cryst. Solids 369 29
Google Scholar
[11] Tsai P H, Xiao A C, Li J B, Jang J S C, Chu J P, Huang J C 2014 J. Alloys Compd. 586 94
Google Scholar
[12] Wang S Y, Jiang W, Hu H D, Liu P F, Wu J L, Zhang B 2017 Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. 27 503
Google Scholar
[13] Greer A L, Rutherford K L, Hutchings I M 2002 Int. Mater. Rev. 47 87
Google Scholar
[14] 张雅楠, 王有骏, 孔令体, 李金富 2012 61 157502
Google Scholar
Zhang Y N, Wang Y J, Kong L T, Li J F 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 157502
Google Scholar
[15] 孟绍怡, 郝奇, 吕国建, 乔吉超 2023 72 076101
Google Scholar
Meng S Y, Hao Q, Lyu G J, Qiao J C 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 076101
Google Scholar
[16] Shen J, Chen Q, Sun J, Fan H, Wang G 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 151907
Google Scholar
[17] Zhao Y B, Bai Y W, Ding Y J, Hu L N 2020 J. Non Cryst. Solids 537 120020
Google Scholar
[18] Styles M J, Sun W W, East D R, Kimpton J A, Gibson M A, Hutchinson C R 2016 Acta Mater. 117 170
Google Scholar
[19] Park J M, Park J S, Na J H, Kim D H 2006 Mater. Sci. Eng. , A 435 425
Google Scholar
[20] Pan S P, Qin J Y, Gu T K 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 033503
Google Scholar
[21] Liang X Y, Li Y H, Bao F, Zhu Z W, Zhang H F, Zhang W 2021 Intermetallics 132 107135
Google Scholar
[22] Zhao L Z, Tian H C, Zhong X C, Liu Z W, Greneche J M, Ramanujan R V 2020 J. Rare Earth 38 1317
Google Scholar
[23] Chrobak A, Nosenko V, Haneczok G, Boichyshyn L, Kotur B, Bajorek A, Zivotsky O, Hendrych A 2011 Mater. Chem. Phys. 130 603
Google Scholar
[24] Li X M, Wang Y, Yi J, Kong L T, Li J F 2019 J. Alloys Compd. 790 626
Google Scholar
[25] Zhang Y, Zhou Y J, Lin J P, Chen G L, Liaw P K 2008 Adv. Eng. Mater. 10 534
Google Scholar
[26] Inoue A 1997 Proc. Jpn. Acad. 73 19
Google Scholar
[27] Inoue A 2000 Acta Mater. 48 279
Google Scholar
[28] Dong Y, Wunderlich R, Biskupek J, Cao Q P, Wang X D, Zhang D X, Jiang J Z, Fecht H J 2017 Scripta Mater. 137 94
Google Scholar
[29] Huang X M, Chang C T, Chang Z Y, Wang X D, Cao Q P, Shen B L, Inoue A, Jiang J Z 2008 J. Alloys Compd. 460 708
Google Scholar
[30] Ruderman M A, Kittel C 1954 Phys. Rev. 96 99
Google Scholar
[31] Yano K 2000 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 208 207
Google Scholar
[32] Tao S, Ma T Y, Jian H, Ahmad Z, Tong H, Yan M 2010 Mater. Sci. Eng., A 528 161
Google Scholar
[33] Jian H, Luo W, Tao S, Yan M 2010 J. Alloys Compd. 505 315
Google Scholar
[34] Bitoh T, Makino A, Inoue A 2003 Mater. Trans. 44 2020
Google Scholar
[35] Guo W M, Wu Y P, Zhang J F, Yuan W H 2016 Surf. Coat. Technol. 307 392
Google Scholar
[36] Koster U, Jastrow L, Meuris M 2007 Mater. Sci. Eng., A 449 165
Google Scholar
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