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This paper aims to analyze the failure mechanism of the two-stage PIN limiter after having been injected by a microwave pulse. A two-stage PIN limiter model with high computational efficiency and accuracy is built by using the method of field-circuit collaborative simulation. Using this model, the temperature change of the PIN diodes during the injection of microwave pulse is simulated. The melting temperature of the PIN diode is selected as the failure criterion of the PIN limiter. The time and energy required for the failure of the PIN limiter under injection of microwave pulses with different frequencies and amplitudes are simulated. Furthermore, the mechanisms that trigger off these effects are analyzed. The relationship between the microwave pulse parameters and the PIN limiter failure time is summarized by using an empirical formula. According to the simulation results, the temperature change of the second-stage PIN diode is relatively small compared with that of the first-stage. During the injection of the microwave pulse, the failure time and energy consumption of limiter show a certain regularity with the variation of microwave pulse amplitude and frequency, and this work discusses this regularity from the following three aspects. Firstly, the failure time and energy consumption decrease in a similar trend with frequency increasing. And with the increase in signal amplitude, the failure time and energy consumption tend to stabilize. Secondly, the increase in the signal amplitude leads failure time to decrease, which is similar to the relationship between failure time and the signal frequency mentioned before. But as the signal’s amplitude increases, the energy consumption first increases and then decreases slightly when the amplitude reaches about 900 V. Based on the theoretical analysis and the physical image of the two-stage PIN limiter, the reasons for these effects can be explained as the changes in the I-region's impedance and heat distribution change caused by electric field changes. Thirdly, the failure time and energy consumption show different sensitivities to different parameters of the microwave pulse. The signal frequency change has greater influence on the energy consumption than the signal amplitude change, while the amplitude change can exert a greater influence on the failure time than the frequency change. -
Keywords:
- two-stage PIN limiter /
- microwave pulse /
- field-circuit collaborative simulation /
- heat effect
[1] Yu X H, Chai C C, Liu Y, Yang Y T, Fan Q Y 2015 Microelectron. Reliab. 55 1174
Google Scholar
[2] Zhang C B, Zhang J D, Wang H G, Du G X 2015 Microelectron. Reliab. 55 508
Google Scholar
[3] Li H, Chai C C, Liu Y Q, Wu H, Yang Y T 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 088502
Google Scholar
[4] Zhang C B, Zhang J D, Wang H G, Du G X 2016 Microelectron. Reliab. 60 41
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[5] Zhou L, Chen X, Peng H L, Yin W Y, Mao J F 2018 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Cmpat. 60 1427
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[6] Zhou L, Zhang S, Yin W Y, Mao J F 2016 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 58 487
Google Scholar
[7] 赵振国, 马弘舸, 王艳 2012 微波学报 28 297
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Zhao Z G, Ma H G, Wang Y 2012 J. Microwaves 28 297
Google Scholar
[8] Zhang C B, Wang H G, Zhang J D, Du G X, Yang J 2014 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 56 1545
Google Scholar
[9] Hampel G, Kolodner P, Gammel P L, Polakos P A, Obaldia E D, Mankiewich P M, Anderson A, Slattery R, Zhang D, Liang G C, Shih C F 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 571
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Google Scholar
Ma Z Y, Chai C C, Ren X R, Yang Y T, Chen B 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 078501
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Ma Z Y, Chai C C, Ren X R, Yang Y T, Qiao L P, Shi C L 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 128501
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Liu Y, Chai C C, Yu X H, Fan Q Y, Yang Y T, Xi X W, Liu S B 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 038402
Google Scholar
[15] 张永战, 孟凡宝, 赵刚 2017 强激光与粒子束 29 093002
Google Scholar
Zhang Y Z, Meng F B, Zhao G 2017 High Power Laser Part. Beams 29 093002
Google Scholar
[16] 周怀安, 杜正伟, 龚克 2005 强激光与粒子束 17 783
Zhou H A, Du Z W, Gong K 2005 High Power Laser Part. Beams 17 783
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Qi Y J, Li Y D, Hao Y, Wang H G, Li P, Liu C L 2014 J. Microwaves 30 220
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Google Scholar
Li Y, Yi C, Xie H Y, Xia H F, Wang J G 2013 High Power Laser Part. Beams 25 2061
Google Scholar
[19] 胡凯, 李天明, 汪海洋, 周翼鸿 2014 强激光与粒子束 26 063015
Google Scholar
Hu K, Li T M, Wang H Y, Zhou Y H 2014 High Power Laser Part. Beams 26 063015
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Yi S P, Du Z W, Zhao J T, Zhao G 2019 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 34 479
Google Scholar
[21] 王明, 马弘舸 2018 强激光与粒子束 30 063002
Google Scholar
Wang M, Ma H G 2018 High Power Laser Part. Beams 30 063002
Google Scholar
[22] 赵振国, 马弘舸, 赵刚, 王艳, 钟龙权 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 1741
Google Scholar
Zhao Z G, Ma H G, Zhao G, Wang Y, Zhong L Q 2013 High Power Laser Part. Beams 25 1741
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[24] Canali C, Majni G, Minder R, Ottaviani G 1975 IEEE. Trans. Electron. Devices 22 1045
Google Scholar
[25] Leenov D 1964 IEEE. Trans. Electron. Devices 11 53
Google Scholar
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图 1 双级PIN限幅器场路协同仿真模型的整体结构及求解过程示意图
Figure 1. Frame of the field-circuit collaborative simulation model and the sketch map of its solution procedure.
图 2 PIN二极管的结构模型及掺杂浓度分布 (a) D1结构模型; (b) D1 掺杂浓度分布; (c) D2结构模型; (d) D2 掺杂浓度分布
Figure 2. Structure model and doping concentration of each PIN diodes: (a) Structure model of D1; (b) doping concentration distribution of D1; (c) structure model of D2; (d) doping concentration distribution of D2.
图 3 限幅器输入-输出特性
Figure 3. I-O characteristic of the limiter.
图 4 (a) D1与(b) D2内部最高温度变化情况
Figure 4. Change of the maximum temperature inside D1 (a) and D2 (b).
图 5 限幅器在不同幅值信号作用下发生熔化现象时所消耗的时间与能量
Figure 5. Time and energy consumption of the limiter when melting occurs under different amplitude signals.
图 6 不同幅值信号作用下D1在发生熔化现象时的温度分布情况
Figure 6. Temperature distribution of D1 under signals with different amplitude at the moment of melting occurs
图 7 不同幅值信号作用下D1在发生熔化现象时的电场强度分布情况
Figure 7. Electric field distribution of D1 under signals with different amplitude at the moment of melting occurs.
图 8 限幅器在不同频率信号作用下发生熔化现象时所消耗的时间与能量
Figure 8. Time and energy consumption of the limiter when melting occurs under different frequency signals.
图 9 限幅器内部发生熔化现象所需时间、能量与信号频率及幅值的关系 (a) 时间消耗; (b) 能量消耗
Figure 9. Relationship of time and energy consumption to the signal’s frequency and amplitude when melting occurs: (a) Time consumption; (b) energy consumption.
图 10 经验方程计算结果与实际仿真结果对比图
Figure 10. Comparison between empirical equation calculation results and actual simulation results
表 A1 UniBo模型相关参数
Table A1. Parameters related to UniBo model
参数 电子(P) 空穴(B) ${\mu _{\max }}$/(${\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{2}} {\cdot} {{\text{V}}^{{{ - 1}}}} {\cdot} {{\text{s}}^{{{ - 1}}}}$) 1441 470.5 $c$ –0.11 0 $\gamma $ 2.45 2.16 ${\mu _{0 d}}$/(${\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{2}} {\cdot} {{\text{V}}^{{{ - 1}}}} {\cdot} {{\text{s}}^{{{ - 1}}}}$) 62.2${T_n}^{{{ - }}{\gamma _{{0}d}}}$ 90.0$ {T_n}^{{{ - }}{\gamma _{{0}d}}} $ ${\gamma _{0 d}}$ 0.7 1.3 ${\mu _{1 d}}$/(${\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{2}} {\cdot} {{\text{V}}^{{{ - 1}}}} {\cdot} {{\text{s}}^{{{ - 1}}}}$) 48.6${T_n}^{{{ - }}{\gamma _{{1}d}}}$ 28.2${T_n}^{{{ - }}{\gamma _{{1}d}}}$ ${\gamma _{1 d}}$ 0.7 2.0 ${\mu _{1 a}}$/(${\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{2}} {\cdot} {{\text{V}}^{{{ - 1}}}} {\cdot} {{\text{s}}^{{{ - 1}}}}$) 73.5${T_n}^{{{ - }}{\gamma _{{1}a}}}$ 28.2${T_n}^{{{ - }}{\gamma _{{1}a}}}$ ${\gamma _{1 a}}$ 1.25 0.8 ${C_{r1}}$/cm–3 $8.5 \times {10^{16}} {T_n}^{{\gamma _{r1}}}$ $1.3 \times {10^{18}} {T_n}^{{\gamma _{r{1}}}}$ ${\gamma _{r1}}$ 3.65 2.2 ${C_{r2}}$/cm–3 $1.22 \times {10^{17}} {T_n}^{{\gamma _{r2}}}$ $2.45 \times {10^{17}} {T_n}^{{\gamma _{r{2}}}}$ ${\gamma _{r2}}$ 2.65 3.1 ${C_{s1}}$/cm–3 $4.0 \times {10^{20}} {T_n}^{{\gamma _{s{1}}}}$ $1.1 \times {10^{18}} {T_n}^{{\gamma _{s{1}}}}$ ${\gamma _{s1}}$ 0 6.2 ${C_{s2}}$/(1020 cm–3) $7.0$ $6.1$ $\alpha $ 0.68 0.77 $\beta $ 0.72 0.719 ${\mu _{0 a}}$/(${\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{2}} {\cdot} {{\text{V}}^{{{ - 1}}}} {\cdot} {{\text{s}}^{{{ - 1}}}}$) 132.0${T_n}^{{{ - }}{\gamma _{{0}a}}}$ 44.0${T_n}^{{{ - }}{\gamma _{{0}a}}}$ ${\gamma _{0 a}}$ 1.3 0.7 
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表 A2 Conwell-Weisskopf模型相关参数
Table A2. Parameters related to Conwell-Weisskopf model
参数 值 $D$/(cm–1·V–1·s–1) $1.04 \times {10^{21}}$ $F$/cm–2 $7.452 \times {10^{13}}$
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表 A3 ${v_{{\text{sat}}}}$相关计算参数
Table A3. Parameters related to the calculation of ${v_{{\text{sat}}}}$
参数 电子 空穴 ${v_{{\text{sat, 0}}}}$/(107 cm·s–1) $1.07$ $0.837$ $ {v_{{\text{sat}}, \exp }} $ 0.87 0.52
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表 A4 Canali模型相关参数
Table A4. Parameters related to Canali model
参数 电子 空穴 ${\beta _0}$ 1.109 1.213 ${\beta _{\exp }}$ 0.66 0.17
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表 A5 SRH复合模型相关参数
Table A5. Parameters related to SRH Recombination model
参数 电子 空穴 ${\tau _{\min }}$/s 0 0 ${\tau _{\max }}$/μs $10$ $3$ ${\tau _0}$/μs $10$ $3$ ${N_{{\text{ref}}}}$/(1016 cm–3) $1$ $1$ $\gamma $ 1 1 ${T_{\text{α }}}$ –1.5 –1.5 ${E_{{\text{trap}}}}$/eV 0 0
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表 A6 俄歇复合模型相关参数
Table A6. Parameters related to Auger recombination model
参数 电子 空穴 ${A_{\text{A}}}$/(10–32 cm6·s–1) $6.7$ $7.2$ ${B_{\text{A}}}$/(10–33 cm6·s–1) $245$ $4.5$ ${C_{\text{A}}}$/(10–33 cm6·s–1) $ - 2.2$ $2.63$ $H$ 3.46667 8.25688 ${N_0}$/(1018 cm–3) $1$ $1$
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表 A7 雪崩模型相关参数
Table A7. Parameters related to avalanche model
参数 电子 空穴 ${a_0}$/V 4.65403 2.26018 ${a_1}$/mV $ - 8.76031$ 13.4001 ${a_2}$/μV $13.4037$ $ - 5.87724$ ${a_3}$/nV $ - 2.75108$ $ - 1.14021$ ${b_0}$/V –0.128302 0.058547 ${b_1}$/(10–4 V) $44.5552$ $ - 1.95755$ ${b_2}$/(10–7 V) $ - 108.66$ $2.44357$ ${b_3}$/(10–10 V) $92.3119$ $ - 1.33202$ ${b_4}$/(10–14 V) $ - 182.482$ $2.68082$ ${b_5}$/V $ - 4.82689 \times {10^{ - 15}}$ 0 ${b_6}$/V $1.09402 \times {10^{ - 17}}$ 0 ${b_7}$/V $ - 1.24961 \times {10^{ - 20}}$ 0 ${b_8}$/V $7.55584 \times {10^{ - 24}}$ 0 ${b_9}$/V $ - 2.28615 \times {10^{ - 27}}$ 0 ${b_{10}}$/V $2.73344 \times {10^{ - 31}}$ 0 ${c_0}$/(103 V·cm–1) $7.76221$ $19.5399$ ${c_1}$/(V·cm–1) 25.18888 –104.441 ${c_2}$/(V·cm–1) $ - 1.37417 \times {10^{ - 3}}$ 0.498768 ${c_3}$/(V·cm–1) $1.59525 \times {10^{ - 4}}$ 0 ${d_0}$/(105 V·cm–1) $7.10481$ $20.7712$ ${d_1}$/(103 V·cm–1) $3.98594$ 0.993153 ${d_2}$/(V·cm–1) –7.19956 7.77769 ${d_3}$/(V·cm–1) $6.96431 \times {10^{ - 3}}$ 0
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[1] Yu X H, Chai C C, Liu Y, Yang Y T, Fan Q Y 2015 Microelectron. Reliab. 55 1174
Google Scholar
[2] Zhang C B, Zhang J D, Wang H G, Du G X 2015 Microelectron. Reliab. 55 508
Google Scholar
[3] Li H, Chai C C, Liu Y Q, Wu H, Yang Y T 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 088502
Google Scholar
[4] Zhang C B, Zhang J D, Wang H G, Du G X 2016 Microelectron. Reliab. 60 41
Google Scholar
[5] Zhou L, Chen X, Peng H L, Yin W Y, Mao J F 2018 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Cmpat. 60 1427
Google Scholar
[6] Zhou L, Zhang S, Yin W Y, Mao J F 2016 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 58 487
Google Scholar
[7] 赵振国, 马弘舸, 王艳 2012 微波学报 28 297
Google Scholar
Zhao Z G, Ma H G, Wang Y 2012 J. Microwaves 28 297
Google Scholar
[8] Zhang C B, Wang H G, Zhang J D, Du G X, Yang J 2014 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 56 1545
Google Scholar
[9] Hampel G, Kolodner P, Gammel P L, Polakos P A, Obaldia E D, Mankiewich P M, Anderson A, Slattery R, Zhang D, Liang G C, Shih C F 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 571
Google Scholar
[10] Liu Y, Chai C C, Fan Q Y, Shi C L, Xi X W, Yu X H, Yang Y T 2016 Microelectron. Reliab. 66 32
Google Scholar
[11] 马振洋, 柴常春, 任兴荣, 杨银堂, 陈斌 2012 61 078501
Google Scholar
Ma Z Y, Chai C C, Ren X R, Yang Y T, Chen B 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 078501
Google Scholar
[12] 马振洋, 柴常春, 任兴荣, 杨银堂, 乔丽萍, 史春蕾 2013 62 128501
Google Scholar
Ma Z Y, Chai C C, Ren X R, Yang Y T, Qiao L P, Shi C L 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 128501
Google Scholar
[13] 任兴荣, 柴常春, 马振洋, 杨银堂, 乔丽萍 2013 62 068501
Google Scholar
Ren X R, Chai C C, Ma Z Y, Yang Y T, Qiao L P 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 068501
Google Scholar
[14] 刘阳, 柴常春, 于新海, 樊庆扬, 杨银堂, 席晓文, 刘胜北 2016 65 038402
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Chai C C, Yu X H, Fan Q Y, Yang Y T, Xi X W, Liu S B 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 038402
Google Scholar
[15] 张永战, 孟凡宝, 赵刚 2017 强激光与粒子束 29 093002
Google Scholar
Zhang Y Z, Meng F B, Zhao G 2017 High Power Laser Part. Beams 29 093002
Google Scholar
[16] 周怀安, 杜正伟, 龚克 2005 强激光与粒子束 17 783
Zhou H A, Du Z W, Gong K 2005 High Power Laser Part. Beams 17 783
[17] 戚玉佳, 李永东, 郝勇, 王洪广, 李平, 刘纯亮 2014 微波学报 30 220
Google Scholar
Qi Y J, Li Y D, Hao Y, Wang H G, Li P, Liu C L 2014 J. Microwaves 30 220
Google Scholar
[18] 李勇, 宣春, 谢海燕, 夏洪富, 王建国 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 2061
Google Scholar
Li Y, Yi C, Xie H Y, Xia H F, Wang J G 2013 High Power Laser Part. Beams 25 2061
Google Scholar
[19] 胡凯, 李天明, 汪海洋, 周翼鸿 2014 强激光与粒子束 26 063015
Google Scholar
Hu K, Li T M, Wang H Y, Zhou Y H 2014 High Power Laser Part. Beams 26 063015
Google Scholar
[20] 易世鹏, 杜正伟, 赵景涛, 赵刚 2019 电波科学学报 34 479
Google Scholar
Yi S P, Du Z W, Zhao J T, Zhao G 2019 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 34 479
Google Scholar
[21] 王明, 马弘舸 2018 强激光与粒子束 30 063002
Google Scholar
Wang M, Ma H G 2018 High Power Laser Part. Beams 30 063002
Google Scholar
[22] 赵振国, 马弘舸, 赵刚, 王艳, 钟龙权 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 1741
Google Scholar
Zhao Z G, Ma H G, Zhao G, Wang Y, Zhong L Q 2013 High Power Laser Part. Beams 25 1741
Google Scholar
[23] Susanna R, Marina V, Luigi C, Massimo R, Giorgio B, Andreas D S, Fridolin I, Norbert F, Wolfgang F, Lucia Z 2002 IEEE. Trans. Electron. Devices 49 490
Google Scholar
[24] Canali C, Majni G, Minder R, Ottaviani G 1975 IEEE. Trans. Electron. Devices 22 1045
Google Scholar
[25] Leenov D 1964 IEEE. Trans. Electron. Devices 11 53
Google Scholar
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