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电流驱动的面内交换偏置场翻转具有无需外磁场辅助、抗磁场干扰以及强磁各向异性等优势, 受到广泛关注. 然而, 在纳米级厚度薄膜系统中, 反铁磁/铁磁异质结的阻塞温度较低, 同时电流脉冲会产生大量的焦耳热, 理论上电流热效应对于交换偏置场翻转有着显著作用, 但是其作用机制缺乏相关研究和验证. 我们制备了一系列反铁磁IrMn厚度不同的Pt/IrMn/Py异质结, 系统性地研究了热效应在电流翻转交换偏置场中的作用机制. 结果表明, 在毫秒级电流脉冲下, 焦耳热能够使得器件升温至阻塞温度以上, 解除反铁磁/铁磁界面的交换耦合, 同时电流产生的奥斯特场和自旋轨道矩能够翻转铁磁磁矩, 在降温过程中完成交换偏置场的翻转. 并且, 在翻转过程中, 反铁磁/铁磁异质结的各向异性磁阻曲线呈现与温度相关的两步磁化翻转现象, 分析表明该现象起源于交换偏置耦合与铁磁直接交换作用之间的竞争关系. 本文的研究结果厘清了热效应在电流驱动交换偏置场翻转过程中的重要作用, 有助于推动基于电控交换偏置场的自旋电子器件发展.The current-induced switching of in-plane exchange bias field (Heb) has many advantages, such as switching without assistance of external magnetic field, excellent immunity to magnetic field, and robust magnetic anisotropy. However, the blocking temperature of the nanoscale antiferromagnet/ferromagnet (AFM/FM) heterostructure is relatively low and susceptible to thermal effects. Therefore, the Joule heating theoretically plays a substantial role in the switching of Heb driven by current, but its underlying mechanism requires further investigation and verification. We prepare a series of Pt/IrMn/Py heterostructures with varying antiferromagnet IrMn thicknesses and systematically investigate the role of thermal effects in current-driven Heb switching. These results demonstrate that under millisecond-level current pulses, Joule heating heats the device above the blocking temperature, leading to the decoupling of exchange coupling at AFM/FM interface. Simultaneously, the Oersted field and spin-orbit torque field generated by the current switch the ferromagnetic moments, and then a new Heb will be induced along the direction of the ferromagnetic moments in the cooling process. Furthermore,in the switching process of Heb, the anisotropic magnetoresistance curve of the AFM/FM heterostructure exhibits a temperature-dependent two-step magnetization reversal phenomenon. Theoretical analysis indicates that this phenomenon arises from the competitive relationship between exchange bias coupling at AFM/FM interface and direct exchange coupling between the ferromagnetic moments. The findings of this study elucidate the crucial role of thermal effects in the current-driven switching of Heb, thereby contributing to the advancement of spintronic devices based on electrically controlled Heb.
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图 1 (a) Pt/IrMn/Py/MgO/Ru膜层结构示意图; (b) Pt/IrMn (6 nm)/Py薄膜的面内磁滞回线; (c) 霍尔条器件和测试结构图; Pt/IrMn (6 nm)/Py器件(d) 初始状态和(e)施加不同电流脉冲情况下的AMR曲线; (f) Heb 随Ipulse的变化曲线
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the Pt/IrMn/Py/MgO/Ru sample; (b) in-plane magnetic hysteresis loop of Pt/IrMn (6 nm)/Py film; (c) schematic of Hall bar device and electrical transport measurement; AMR curves of the Pt/IrMn (6 nm)/Py device under (d) initial state and (e) after applying a current pulse Ipulse; (f) Heb as a function of Ipulse.
图 2 Pt/IrMn (3, 4, 6, 8 nm)/Py器件的(a) Heb和(b) Td随Ipulse的变化; Pt/IrMn (6 nm)/Py器件的(c) Heb和(d) Td在Tc = 200, 300, 400 K时随Ipulse的变化; (e) 不同IrMn厚度器件的Heb随Tc大小的变化; (f) $T^* $和Tb随tIrMn大小的变化
Fig. 2. (a) Heb and (b) Td vary with Ipulse of Pt/IrMn (3, 4, 6, 8 nm)/Py devices; (c) Heb and (d) Td vary with Ipulse for Pt/IrMn (6 nm)/Py device at Tc = 200, 300, 400 K; (e) dependence of Heb on Tc for the Pt/IrMn (3, 4, 6, 8 nm)/Py devices; (f) $T^*$ and Tb as a function of tIrMn.
图 3 (a) Pt/IrMn (6 nm)/Py器件在不同外磁场Hext下的AMR曲线; (b) 恒定电流脉冲Ipulse = –32 mA或Ipulse = +32 mA下, Heb随Hext大小的变化关系; (c) 施加不同大小电流时Pt/IrMn (3 nm)/Py器件的AMR曲线; (d) Heb翻转时器件的Hc、电流产生的HOe以及改变Heb翻转极性的Hext大小随IrMn厚度的变化关系
Fig. 3. (a) AMR curves of the Pt/IrMn (6 nm)/Py device under a constant current pulse Ipulse = +32 mA and varying Hext; (b) Heb varies with Hext for the Pt/IrMn (6 nm)/Py device under Ipulse = ±32 mA; (c) AMR curves of the Pt/IrMn (3 nm)/Py device under different Ipulse; (d) HOe, Hc and Hext of the Pt/IrMn (3, 4, 6, 8 nm)/Py devices when Heb switches.
图 4 (a) 在Tc = 300 K时, Pt/IrMn (4 nm)/Py器件施加电流脉冲Ipulse后测得的AMR曲线以及其(b) 对应的反铁磁和铁磁序状态; (c) 在Tc = 360 K时, Pt/IrMn (4 nm)/Py器件施加电流脉冲Ipulse后测得的AMR曲线; (d) 在Tc = 300 K时, 施加电流脉冲Ipulse = –28 mA后, Pt/IrMn (4 nm)/Py器件在Tc = 300 K和Tc = 360 K时测得的AMR曲线; (e) 在Tc = 360 K时, 施加电流脉冲Ipulse = –23 mA后, Pt/IrMn (4 nm)/Py器件在Tc = 300 K和Tc = 360 K时测得的AMR曲线; Pt/IrMn (4 nm)/Py器件在(f) Tc = 360 K和(g) Tc = 300 K时的反铁磁和铁磁序状态
Fig. 4. (a) AMR curves and (b) the corresponding antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic states of the Pt/IrMn (4 nm)/Py device after applying a Ipulse at Tc = 300 K; (c) AMR curves of the Pt/IrMn (4 nm)/Py device after applying a Ipulse at Tc = 360 K; (d) AMR curves of the Pt/IrMn (4 nm)/Py device at Tc=300 K and Tc = 360 K after applying a Ipulse = –28 mA at Tc = 300 K; (e) AMR curves of the Pt/IrMn (4 nm)/Py device at Tc = 300 K and Tc = 360 K after applying a Ipulse = –23 mA at Tc=360 K; Antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic states of the Pt/IrMn (4 nm)/Py device at (f) Tc = 360 K and (g) Tc = 300 K.
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[1] Cai W, Huang Y, Zhang X, Wang S, Pan Y, Yin J, Shi K, Zhao W 2023 Sci. China Phys. Mech. 66 117503
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[2] Jinnai B, Watanabe K, Fukami S, Ohno H 2020 Appl. Phys. Lett. 116 160501
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[4] Liu X H, Edmonds K W, Zhou Z P, Wang K Y 2020 Phys. Rev. Appl. 13 014059
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[5] Yun J, Bai Q, Yan Z, Chang M, Mao J, Zuo Y, Yang D, Xi L, Xue D 2020 Adv. Funct. Mat. 30 1909092
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[8] Liu R, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Lu Y, Liu T, Chen J, Wei L, Wu D, You B, Zhang W, Du J 2023 Appl. Phys. Lett. 122 062401
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[17] Du A, Zhu D, Cao K, Zhang Z, Guo Z, Shi K, Xiong D, Xiao R, Cai W, Yin J, Lu S, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Luo S, Fert A, Zhao W 2023 Nat. Electron. 6 425
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