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Gravitational wave detection plays an important role in exploring the universe and opening up a new chapter for multi-messenger astronomy. As the most common device used for space and ground-based gravitational wave detection, large-scale laser interferometer requires a low-noise laser as a beam source. The noise of the laser can be suppressed by utilizing the optoelectronic negative-feedback noise reduction technology to improve the sensitivity of large-scale laser interferometer. The optoelectronic negative-feedback control system can suppress laser noise by subtracting the photodetector signal from the voltage reference signal, and then calculating the modulated signal by a proportional integral differentiator to control the output power of the pump current driver. Since the photodetector signal is affected by the laser intensity, its output voltage varies within a certain range, which requires that the output voltage of the voltage reference source signal is variable. In addition, the performance of the voltage reference directly affects the overall performance of the feedback control loop, therefore it is the lower limit of laser noise suppression. We develop a high-precision low-noise program-controlled voltage reference by selecting low-noise reference chip and digital-to-analog conversion chip, designing external control circuit, using low-temperature drift coefficient components and using temperature control and electromagnetic shielding. The digital-to-analog conversion is controlled through the FPGA module programming to accurately realize the reference voltage change. The output voltage range of the developed voltage reference source is from negative 10 V to positive 10 V and the minimal precision of the voltage variation is 20 bit. The voltage noise spectral density of the developed voltage reference is below
$9.6 \times 1{0^{ - 6}}/\sqrt {\rm Hz}$ and the noise performance of the reference source is less than the laser intensity noise in the space-based gravitational wave frequency band. The developed voltage reference source provides an important technical support for laser intensity noise suppression in gravitational wave detection.-
Keywords:
- space-based gravitational wave detection /
- voltage reference source /
- voltage noise characterization /
- logarithmic frequency axis power spectral density
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图 1 程控基准源原理示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the programmable reference source
图 2 程控基准源结构示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the programmable reference source structure.
图 3 低噪声程控基准源测试实验系统示意图(λ/2: 半波片; PBS: 偏振分束器; PD: 光电探测器; PID: 比例积分微分运算器; DAC: 数模转换器)
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the low-noise numerical control reference source test experimental system (λ/2: half-wave-plate; PBS: polarization beam splitter; PD: photodetector; PID: proportional- integral-derivative arithmetic unit; DAC: digital-analog-converter).
图 4 LTZ1000芯片输出与3458 A电子学噪声 (a)时域信号; (b)噪声功率谱
Figure 4. LTZ1000 chip output and 3458 A electronic noise: (a) Time domain; (b) spectrum estimations.
图 5 (a)基准输出范围测试; (b)基准输出电压精度测试
Figure 5. (a) Reference output range test; (b) reference output voltage accuracy test.
图 6 (a)程控基准源1—10 V输出; (b)程控基准源1—10 V输出的噪声功率谱
Figure 6. (a) 1–10 V output of programmable reference source; (b) noise power spectrum of 1–10 V output of the programmable reference source.
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[1] Abadie J, Abbott B P, Abbott R 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 962
Google Scholar
[2] Aasi J, Abadie J, Abbott B P 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 613
Google Scholar
[3] Jennrich O 2009 IOP Classical Quant. Grav. 26 153001
Google Scholar
[4] 罗子人, 白姗, 边星, 陈葛瑞, 董鹏, 董玉辉, 高伟, 龚雪飞, 贺建武, 李洪银, 李向前, 李玉琼, 刘河山, 邵明学, 宋同消, 孙保三, 唐文林, 徐鹏, 徐生年, 杨然, 靳刚 2013 力学进展 43 415
Google Scholar
Luo Z R, Bai S, Bian X, Chen G R, Dong P, Dong Y H, Gao W, Gong X F, He J W, Li H Y, Li X Q, Li Y Q, Liu H S, Zhao M X, Song T X, Sun B S, Tang W L, Xu P, Xu S N, Yang R, Jin G 2013 Adv. Mech 43 415
Google Scholar
[5] Peterseim M, Brozek O S, Danzmann K, Freitag I, Rottengatter P, Tünnermann A, Welling H 1998 AIP Conf. Proc. 456 148
Google Scholar
[6] Willke B, Uehara N, Gustafson E K, Byer R L, King P J, Seel S U, Savage R L 1998 Opt. Lett. 23 1704
Google Scholar
[7] 陈艳丽, 张靖, 李永民, 张宽收, 谢常德, 彭堃墀 2001 中国激光 28 197
Google Scholar
Chen Y L, Zhang J, Li Y M, Zhang K S, Xie C D, Peng K C 2001 Chin. J. Lasers 28 197
Google Scholar
[8] Tse M, Yu H, Kijbunchoo N 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 231107
Google Scholar
[9] Acernese F, Agathos M, Aiello L 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 231108
Google Scholar
[10] Tröbs M 2005 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hannover: Leibniz University Hannover)
[11] 张骥 2020 博士学位论文 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学)
Zhang J 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[12] Hilbiber D 1964 IEEE International Solid State Circuits Conference Ottawa, Canada, February 19, 1964 p32
[13] Widlar R J 1971 IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 6 2
Google Scholar
[14] 安景慧 2020 硕士学位论文 (苏州: 苏州大学)
An J H 2020 M. S. Dissertation (Suzhou: Suzhou University) (in Chinese)
[15] 杜凯旋 2020 硕士学位论文 (合肥: 安徽大学)
Du K X 2020 M.S. Thesis (Hefei: Anhui University) (in Chinese)
[16] Linearhttps://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/LTZ1000.pdf [2022-9-28]
[17] Analog Deviceshttps://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD587.pdf [2022-9-29]
[18] 李番, 王嘉伟, 高子超, 李健博, 安炳南, 李瑞鑫, 白禹, 尹王保, 田龙, 郑耀辉 2022 71 209501
Google Scholar
Li F, Wang J W, Gao Z C, Li J B, An B N, Li R X, Bai Y, Yin W B, Tian L, Zheng Y H 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 209501
Google Scholar
[19] 赵子琳, 李番, 李瑞鑫, 武志学, 尹王保, 杨荣草, 田龙 2022 量子光学学报 28 1
Google Scholar
Zhao Z L, Li F, Li R X, Wu Z X, Yin W B, Yang R C, Tian L 2022 J. Quantum Opt. 28 1
Google Scholar
[20] Analog Deviceshttps://www.analog.com/media/cn/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD5791_cn.pdf [2022-10-3]
[21] Analog Deviceshttps://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD8675.pdf [2022-9-28]
[22] Analog Deviceshttps://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD8676.pdf [2022-9-28]
[23] Analog Deviceshttps://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ADA4077-2-EP.pdf [2022-9-28]
[24] 刘宝洲 2020 电子测量技术 43 76
Google Scholar
Liu B Z 2020 Electronic Measurement Technology 43 76
Google Scholar
[25] Welch P D 1967 IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust 15 70
Google Scholar
[26] Tröbs M, Heinzel G 2006 Measurement 39 120
Google Scholar
[27] 刘奎, 杨荣国, 张海龙, 白云飞, 张俊香, 郜江瑞 2009 中国激光 36 1852
Google Scholar
Liu K, Yang R G, Zhang H L 2009 Chin. J. Lasers 36 1852
Google Scholar
[28] 王雅君, 高丽, 张晓莉 2020 红外与激光工程 49 20201073
Google Scholar
Wang Y J, Gao L, Zhang X L 2020 Infrared Laser Eng. 49 20201073
Google Scholar
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