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Gravitational waves (GWs) are ripples in spacetime caused by most violent and energetic processes in the universe, such as the rapid motion of massive celestial bodies. The GWs carry energy when they propagate through the universe. The detection of GWs holds significance for advancing human understanding of the nature and driving scientific and technological progress. The continual upgrading and optimizing of GW detectors offer novel avenues for cosmic measurements. However, ground-based GW detectors based on a large interferometer necessitate addressing various noises which are harmful to the sensitivity of the GW detectors. Among these noises, the noise from residual gas in the light beam of the interferometer is a crucial factor to affect the sensitivity. Consequently, it is necessary to establish a vacuum system to shield the laser interferometer from the effects of gas flow. This paper focuses on China’s third-generation ground-based GWs detector, conducting theoretical analysis of the influence of residual gas noise on both a 20-meter arm-length prototype and a full-scale device with a 10-kilometer arm-length. In this paper, a theoretical model for the residual gas particles passing through the laser beam is established and the effect on the beam phase is analyzed. The theoretical simulations are performed to discover the relations between the residual gas noise and significant parameters such as gas pressure of the vacuum system, temperature, mass of residual gas particles, polarization rate of the residual gas, and the curvature radius of the test mass. The simulations indicate that when the residual gas pressure is below 2×10–6 Pa, the GW detector can achieve the enough sensitivity, 10–24 Hz–1/2, in a frequency range from 10 to 103 Hz. The findings of this research offer crucial theoretical insights for designing and constructing the vacuum systems in future third-generation GWs detector prototypes and full-scale devices.
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Keywords:
- gravitational wave detection /
- optical interferometer /
- vacuum /
- residual gas noise
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图 1 迈克耳孙干涉仪及残余气体粒子与光束碰撞示意图
Fig. 1. Michelson interferometer and collision between residual gas particles and light beam.
图 3 原型机和全尺寸装置在不同压强情况下, 残余气体噪声与探测频率的关系图
Fig. 3. Relation of residual gas noise and detection frequency at different pressures.
图 4 原型机和全尺寸装置中, 残余气体噪声与真空系统压强的关系图
Fig. 4. Relation of residual gas noise and vacuum system pressure.
图 5 原型机和全尺寸装置在不同温度情况下, 残余气体噪声与探测频率的关系图
Fig. 5. Relation of residual gas noise and frequency at different temperatures.
图 6 原型机和全尺寸装置中, 残余气体噪声与真空系统环境温度的关系图
Fig. 6. Relation of residual gas noise and the temperature of vacuum system
图 7 原型机和全尺寸装置中, 残余气体噪声与真空系统残余气体质量的关系图
Fig. 7. Relation of between residual gas noise and residual gas mass in vacuum system.
图 8 原型机和全尺寸装置在不同极化率下残留气体粒子噪声与探测频率的关系图
Fig. 8. Relation of residual gas noise and frequency with different polarizability.
图 9 原型机中测试质量曲率半径和残余气体噪声的变化示意图
Fig. 9. Residual gas noise as a function of the radius of curvature of the test mass in the prototype.
图 10 全尺寸装置中测试质量曲率半径和残余气体噪声的变化示意图
Fig. 10. Residual gas noise as a function of the radius of curvature of the test mass in a full-size device.
表 1 引力波探测干涉仪原型机和全尺寸装置的参数表
Table 1. Parameters of prototype and full-size device of gravitational wave detection interferometer.
参数 符号/单位 原型机参数 全尺寸装置
参数干涉仪长度 L/m 20 104 激光器波长 λ/nm 1550 1550 环境温度 T/K 300 300 残余气体压强 P/Pa 2.0×10–7 2.0×10–6 残余气体质量 m/kg 3.34765×10–27 3.34765×10–27 残余气体
极化率$ \alpha $/(C·m2·V–1) 7.81917×10–31 7.81917×10–31 测试质量
曲率半径R/m 10.2 5100 
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[1] 郭宗宽, 蔡荣根, 张元仲 2016 科技导报 34 30
Google Scholar
Guo Z K, Cai R G, Zhang Y Z 2016 Sci. Technol. Rev. 34 30
Google Scholar
[2] Accadia T, Acernese F, Antonucci F, et al. 2010 Class. Quantum Grav. 27 194011
Google Scholar
[3] Ringwald A, Tamarit C 2022 Phys. Rev. D 106 063027
Google Scholar
[4] 吴树范, 王楠, 龚德仁 2020 深空探测学报 7 118
Google Scholar
Wu S F, Wang N, Gong D R 2020 J. Deep Sp. Explor. 7 118
Google Scholar
[5] Clubley D A, Skeldon K D, Newton G P, Barr B W, Strain K A, Hough J 2001 Phys. Lett. A 287 62
Google Scholar
[6] Zhao C, Blair D G, Barrigo P, et al. 2006 Proceedings of the 6th Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves Bankoku Shinryoukan, Okinawa, Japan, June 20–24, 2005 p368
[7] Takahashi R, Saito Y, Fukushima M, Ando M, Arai K, Tatsumi D, Heinzel G, Kawamura S, Yamazaki T, Moriwaki S 2002 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 20 1237
Google Scholar
[8] Goßler S, Bertolini A, Born M, Chen Y, Dahl K, Gering D, Gräf C, Heinzel G, Hild S, Kawazoe F, Kranz O, Kühn G, Lück H, Mossavi K, Schnabel R, Somiya K, Strain K A, Taylor J R, Wanner A, Westphal T, Willke B, Danzmann K 2010 Classical Quantum Grav. 27 084023
Google Scholar
[9] Hild S, Grote H, Smith J R, Hewitson M 2006 Proceedings of the 6th Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves Bankoku Shinryoukan, Okinawa, Japan, June 20–24, 2005 p66
[10] Acernese F, Adams T, Agathos M, et al. 2015 Proceedings of the 10th International LISA Symposium Florida, United States, May 18–23, 2014 p1
[11] Abbott B P, Abbott R, Adhikari R, et al. 2009 Rep. Prog. Phys. 72 076901
Google Scholar
[12] Martynov D V, Hall E D, Abbott B P, et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. D 93 112004
Google Scholar
[13] Acernese F, Agathos M, Aiello L, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 131101
Google Scholar
[14] Dooley K L, Leong J R, Adams T, Affeldt C, Bisht A, Bogan C, Degallaix J, Gräf C, Hild S, Hough J, Khalaidovski A, Lastzka N, Lough J, Lück H, Macleod D, Nuttall L, Prijatelj M, Schnabel R, Schreiber E, Slutsky J, Sorazu B, Strain K A, Vahlbruch H, Wąs M, Willke B, Wittel H, Danzmann K, Grote H 2016 Classical Quantum Grav. 33 075009
Google Scholar
[15] Aso Y, Michimura Y, Somiya K, Ando M, Miyakawa O, Sekiguchi T, Tatsumi D, Yamamoto H 2013 Phys. Rev. D 88 043007
Google Scholar
[16] Hall E D, Kuns K, Smith J R, Bai Y, Wipf C, Biscans S, Adhikari R X, Arai K, Ballmer S, Barsotti L 2021 Phys. Rev. D 103 122004
Google Scholar
[17] Grado A, Tofani E, Angelucci M, Cimino R, Gargiulo J, Getman F, Liedl A, Limatola L, Mennella V, Pasqualetti A, Ricci F, Sentenac D, Spallino L 2023 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 41 024201
Google Scholar
[18] Adhikari, Rana X 2014 Rev. Mod. Phys. 86 121
Google Scholar
[19] Kawamura S, Ando M, Seto N, et al. 2011 Class. Quantum Grav. 28 094011
Google Scholar
[20] Georgiadis A, Rogier H, Roselli L, Arcioni P 2012 Microwave and Millimeter Wave Circuits and Systems: Emerging Design, Technologies and Applications (Germany: John Wiley & Sons) pp5–25
[21] Li Z X, Gao H, Ding X H, Wang G J, Zhang B 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 3833
Google Scholar
[22] 刘志远 2016 科技导报 34 2
Liu Z Y 2016 Sci. Technol. Rev. 34 2
[23] 罗子人, 张敏, 靳刚, 吴岳良, 胡文瑞 2020 深空探测学报 7 3
Google Scholar
Luo Z R, Zhang M, Jin G, Wu Y L, Hu W R 2020 J. Deep Sp. Explor. 7 3
Google Scholar
[24] Schumaker B L, Caves C M Proceedings of the 5th Rochester Conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics Rochester, USA, June 13–15, 1983 p743
[25] Gillespie A, Raab F 1995 Phys. Rev. D 52 577
Google Scholar
[26] Saulson P R 1990 Phys. Rev. D 42 2437
Google Scholar
[27] Hughes S A, Thorne K S 1998 Phys. Rev. D 58 122002
Google Scholar
[28] Zucker M E, Whitcomb S E 1996 Proceedings of the 7th Marcel Grossman Meeting on Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation, and Relativistic Field Theories California, USA, July 24–30, 1994 p1434
[29] Harms J, Paik H J 2015 Phys. Rev. D 92 022001
Google Scholar
[30] 王运永, 朱宗宏 2019 现代物理知识 31 56
Google Scholar
Wang Y Y, Zhu Z H 2019 Mod. Phys. 31 56
Google Scholar
[31] 严宇钊, 杨明, 姜万录 2019 电子测量技术 42 8
Google Scholar
Yan Y Z, Yang M, Jiang W L 2019 Electron. Meas. Technol. 42 8
Google Scholar
[32] Patel J, Woolley A, Zhao C, Ju L, Blair D G 2010 Vacuum 85 176
Google Scholar
[33] 李庆回, 李卫, 孙瑜, 王雅君, 田龙, 陈力荣, 张鹏飞, 郑耀辉 2022 71 164203
Google Scholar
Li Q H, Li W, Sun Y, Wang Y J, Tian L, Chen L R, Zhang P F, Zheng Y H 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 164203
Google Scholar
[34] 张天才, 郑耀辉, 牛家树 2022 新兴科学和技术趋势 1 10
Zhang T C, Zheng Y H, Niu J S 2022 Emerging Sci. Technol. 1 10
[35] 王运永, 朱兴江, 刘见, 马宇波, 朱宗宏, 曹军威, 都志辉, 王小鸽, 钱进, 殷聪, 刘忠有 2014 天文学进展 32 348
Google Scholar
Wang Y Y, Zhu X J, Liu J, Ma Y B, Zhu Z H, Cai J W, Du Z H, Wang X G, Qian J, Yin C, Liu Z Y 2014 Prog. Astron. 32 348
Google Scholar
[36] Santeler D J 1986 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 4 338
Google Scholar
[37] Tang Y L, He Y L, Meng Y S, Wang W W, Zhang R Y, Du E W, Du L J 2021 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Sensors and Instruments Qingdao, China, July 2, 2021 p171
[38] Olney T N, Cann N M, Cooper G, Brion C E 1997 Chem. Phys. 223 59
Google Scholar
[39] Ottaway D J, Fritschel P, Waldman S J 2012 Opt. Express 20 8329
Google Scholar
[40] Yang W H, Shi S P, Wang Y J, Ma W G, Zheng Y H, Peng K C 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 4553
Google Scholar
[41] Shoemaker D 2011 LIGO Report No. LIGO- M060056-v2
[42] Bersanetti D, Patricelli B, Piccinni O J, Piergiovanni F, Salemi F, Sequino V 2021 Universe 7 322
Google Scholar
[43] Akutsu T, Ando M, Arai K, et al. 2019 Class. Quantum Grav. 36 165008
Google Scholar
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