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The Johnson noise thermometer is used to precisely measure Boltzmann constant by comparing the thermal noise caused by charge movement and the quantized voltage reference noise synthesized by the quantum voltage noise source (QVNS). The QVNS signal is synthesized based on quantized voltage pulses produced by two channels of superconducting Josephson junction arrays, which are designed for cross-correlation electronics. The Nb/NbxSi1-x/Nb Josephson junction is used as a core device of QVNS chip in this work for its non-hysteretic current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and conveniently adjustable barrier parameters.In this paper, we present the design consideration, fabrication process, and measurement results of the QVNS chip. The QVNS chip contains two Josephson junction arrays, each consists of four 6 μm×12 μm junctions and is embedded in a 50 Ω coplanar waveguide transmission line. The random noise in signals from the two driven channels is eliminated by cross-correlation, and then an accurate quantum noise is obtained. Test chips with different areas of Josephson junctions are also designed on the same mask, aiming at estimating the variation range of Ic. The typical fabrication process for voltage standard chips in our laboratory is used for preparing the QVNS chip.The sample is measured at 4.2 K. The DC I-V curve shows that the critical current Ic is 6.1 mA. The I-V characteristics of the junctions under 5 GHz microwave radiation are measured. For a series array of four junctions, a 41.44 μV one-stage Shapiro step is observed. Calculation shows that the error between the measurement and theoretical value of 41.36 μV is about 1.9‰, which means that the QVNS chip performs well under microwave radiation and can be used for synthesizing the AC quantum voltage reference noise.A single-frequency 100 kHz sinusoidal waveform is synthesized by the QVNS chip under pulse driven signal. A spectrum of the synthesized sinusoidal waveform shows a single peak, which means that the digital pulse signal is perfectly filtered by Josephson junction arrays and the synthesized signals possess quantum accuracy. The results indicate that our chip has good dynamic response and works well in synthesizing a single-frequency AC quantum voltage signal. This work can provide core devices for the noise thermometry system and support the precise measurement of Boltzmann constant as well as redefinition of Kelvin in future. As a next step, the design and package will be further improved, and the probe module will be optimized to reduce the measurement uncertainty.
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Keywords:
- Boltzmann constant /
- quantum voltage /
- quantum noise thermometry /
- Josephson junction
[1] Preston-Thomas H 1990 Metrologia 27 3
[2] Mills I, Mohr P, Quinn T, Taylor B N, Williams E R 2006 Metrologia 43 227
[3] Nyquist H 1928 Phys. Rev. 32 110
[4] Johnson J B 1927 Nature 119 50
[5] Brixy H 1971 Nucl. Instrum. Methods 97 75
[6] Jeanneret B, Benz S P 2009 Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 172 181
[7] Benz S P, Dresselhaus P D, Martinis J M 2003 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 52 545
[8] Benz S P, Dresselhaus P D, Burroughs C J 2011 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 21 681
[9] Nam S W, Benz S P, Dresselhaus P D, Burroughs C J, Tew W L, White D R, Martinis J M 2005 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 54 653
[10] Mohr P J, Taylor B N, Newell D B 2012 Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 1527
[11] Yamazawa K, Urano C, Yamada T, Horie T, Yoshida S, Yamamori H, Kaneko N, Fukuyama Y, Maruyama M, Domae A, Tamba J, Kiryu S 2014 Int. J. Thermophys. 35 985
[12] Maezawa M, Yamada T, Urano C 2014 J. Phys.:Conf. Ser. 507 042023
[13] Cao W H, Li J J, Zhong Q, Guo X W, He Q, Chi Z T 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 170304 (in Chinese)[曹文会, 李劲劲, 钟青, 郭晓玮, 贺青, 迟宗涛 2012 61 170304]
[14] Watanabe M, Dresselhaus P D, Benz S P 2006 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 16 49
[15] Olaya D, Dresselhaus P D, Benz S P, Bjarnason J, Grossman E N 2009 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 19 144
[16] Liu J S, Li J Y, Li T Z, Li T F, Wu W, Chen W 2009 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 19 245
[17] Wang L R, Zhong Y, Li J J, Cao W H, 2018 Mater. Res. Exp. 5 046410
[18] Quinn T J 1989 Metrologia 26 69
[19] Zhou K L 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing:Tsinghua University) (in Chinese)[周琨荔 2017 博士学位论文(北京:清华大学)]
[20] Qu J F, Fu Y F, Zhang J Q, Rogalla H, Pollarolo A, Benz S P 2013 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 62 1518
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[1] Preston-Thomas H 1990 Metrologia 27 3
[2] Mills I, Mohr P, Quinn T, Taylor B N, Williams E R 2006 Metrologia 43 227
[3] Nyquist H 1928 Phys. Rev. 32 110
[4] Johnson J B 1927 Nature 119 50
[5] Brixy H 1971 Nucl. Instrum. Methods 97 75
[6] Jeanneret B, Benz S P 2009 Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 172 181
[7] Benz S P, Dresselhaus P D, Martinis J M 2003 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 52 545
[8] Benz S P, Dresselhaus P D, Burroughs C J 2011 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 21 681
[9] Nam S W, Benz S P, Dresselhaus P D, Burroughs C J, Tew W L, White D R, Martinis J M 2005 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 54 653
[10] Mohr P J, Taylor B N, Newell D B 2012 Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 1527
[11] Yamazawa K, Urano C, Yamada T, Horie T, Yoshida S, Yamamori H, Kaneko N, Fukuyama Y, Maruyama M, Domae A, Tamba J, Kiryu S 2014 Int. J. Thermophys. 35 985
[12] Maezawa M, Yamada T, Urano C 2014 J. Phys.:Conf. Ser. 507 042023
[13] Cao W H, Li J J, Zhong Q, Guo X W, He Q, Chi Z T 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 170304 (in Chinese)[曹文会, 李劲劲, 钟青, 郭晓玮, 贺青, 迟宗涛 2012 61 170304]
[14] Watanabe M, Dresselhaus P D, Benz S P 2006 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 16 49
[15] Olaya D, Dresselhaus P D, Benz S P, Bjarnason J, Grossman E N 2009 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 19 144
[16] Liu J S, Li J Y, Li T Z, Li T F, Wu W, Chen W 2009 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 19 245
[17] Wang L R, Zhong Y, Li J J, Cao W H, 2018 Mater. Res. Exp. 5 046410
[18] Quinn T J 1989 Metrologia 26 69
[19] Zhou K L 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing:Tsinghua University) (in Chinese)[周琨荔 2017 博士学位论文(北京:清华大学)]
[20] Qu J F, Fu Y F, Zhang J Q, Rogalla H, Pollarolo A, Benz S P 2013 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 62 1518
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