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Wider band and deeper radar cross section (RCS) reduction by lower profile is always a very noticeable subject in stealth material researches. Most of researchers have designed and measured the RCS reduction bandwidth with 10 dB standard, that is, the return energy is reduced by 90%. In this paper we present a dual-mechanism method to design a single-layer absorptive metasurface with wideband 20-dB RCS reduction by simultaneously combining the absorption mechanism and the phase cancellation mechanism. Firstly, the impedance condition for 20-dB RCS reduction is theoretically analyzed considering both the absorption and the phase cancellation based on the two unit cells, and the relationship between the surface impedance and the reflection phase/amplitude is revealed. According to these analyses, two unit cells with absorption performance and different reflection phases are designed and utilized to realize the absorptive metasurface. Then, we simulate the plane case and the cylinder case with the designed flexible metasurface and compare them with the counterparts with equal-sized metal. Finally, the sample is fabricated and characterized experimentally to verify the simulated results. Both numerical and experimental results show that the 7-mm-thick single-layer absorptive metasurface features a wideband 20-dB RCS within 6.10–12.15 GHz (66%). Our designed metasurface features wideband, 20-dB reduction, polarization insensitivity, light weight and flexible, promising great potential in real-world low-scattering stealth applications.
[1] Fan J, Cheng Y 2020 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 53 025109
Google Scholar
[2] Fan J, Cheng Y, He B 2021 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 54 115101
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[4] Iriarte G J C, Pereda A T, De F J L M, Ederra I 2013 IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 61 6136
Google Scholar
[5] Li Y, Zhang J, Qu S, Wang J, Chen H, Zhuo X, Zhang A 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 221110
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[8] Xu H, Ma S, Ling X, Zhang X, Tang S, Cai T, Sun S, He Q, Zhou L 2018 ACS Photonics 5 1691
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[10] Yuan F, Wang G, Xu H, Cai T, Zou X, Pang Z 2017 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. Pr. 16 3188
Google Scholar
[11] Yang J, Li Y, Cheng Y, Chen F, Luo H, Wang X, Gong R 2020 J. Appl. Phys. 127 235304
Google Scholar
[12] Yoo M, Lim S 2014 IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 62 2652
Google Scholar
[13] Shen Y, Pang Y, Wang J, Ma H, Pei Z, Qu S 2015 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 48 445008
Google Scholar
[14] Begaud X, Lepage A, Varault S, Soiron M, Barka A 2018 Materials 11 2045
Google Scholar
[15] Liu X, Lan C, Bi K, Li B, Zhao Q, Zhou J 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 062902
Google Scholar
[16] Landy N I, Sajuyigbe S, Mock J J, Smith D R, Padilla W J 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 207402
Google Scholar
[17] Marin P, Cortina D, Hernando A 2008 IEEE Trans. Magn. 44 3934
Google Scholar
[18] 刘祥萱, 陈鑫, 王煊军, 刘渊 2013 表面技术 42 104
Liu X X, Chen X, Wang X J, Liu Y 2013 Surf. Technol. 42 104
[19] Smith D R, Schultz S, Markoš P, Soukoulis C M 2002 Phys. Rev. B 65 195104
Google Scholar
[20] Chen X, Grzegorczyk T M, Wu B I, Pacheco J J, Kong J A 2004 Phys. Rev. E 70 016608
Google Scholar
[21] Smith D R, Vier D C, Koschny T, Soukoulis C M 2005 Phys. Rev. E 71 036617
Google Scholar
[22] Cheng Y, Chen F, Luo H 2021 Nanoscale Res. Lett. 16 12
Google Scholar
[23] Cheng Y, Liu J, Chen F, Luo H, Li X 2021 Phys. Lett. A 402 127345
Google Scholar
[24] Zhuang Y, Wang G, Liang J G, Zhang Q 2017 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. Pr. 16 2606
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[25] Ji C, Huang C, Zhang X, Yang J, Song J, Luo X 2019 Opt. Express 27 23368
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[27] Leung S, Liang C P, Tao X F, Li F F, Poo Y, Wu R X 2021 Opt. Express 29 33536
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[28] Zhuang Y, Wang G, Liang J G, Cai T, Guo W L, Zhang Q 2017 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 465102
Google Scholar
[29] Chen W, Balanis C A, Birtcher C R, Modi A Y 2018 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. Pr. 17 343
Google Scholar
[30] Malhat H A, Zainud-Deen S H, Shabayek N A 2020 Plasmonics 15 1025
Google Scholar
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图 1 幅相同调的吸波-对消RCS减缩超表面工作原理示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the working principle of the absorption-cancellation RCS reduction metasurface with the phase- and amplitude-control.
图 2 全反射单元等效的终端短路的二端口网络
Figure 2. Equivalent transmission line model of the reflected unit cell.
图 3 不同频率处反射相位
$ \varphi$ 和反射幅度$ A$ 与上层拓扑结构阻抗R 和X之间的关系 (a) 8 GHz; (b) 10 GHz; (c) 12 GHzFigure 3. The relationship among the reflection phase
$ \varphi$ , the reflection amplitude$ A$ , the impedance of the upper-layer topology R and X at different frequencies: (a) 8 GHz; (b) 10 GHz; (c) 12 GHz.
图 4 当单元A和B均没有吸收时, RCS减缩和单元比例α以及相位差
$ {\varphi }_{\mathrm{d}} $ 之间的关系Figure 4. The relationship among the RCS reduction, the parameter α and the phase difference
$ {\varphi }_{\mathrm{d}} $ , as neither unit A nor B having absorption.
图 5 当单元A和B均有10 dB吸收时, RCS减缩和单元比例α以及相位差
$ {\varphi }_{\mathrm{d}} $ 之间的关系Figure 5. The relationship among the RCS reduction, the parameter α and the phase difference
$ {\varphi }_{\mathrm{d}} $ with a 10 dB absorption of both units A and B .
图 6 (a) 复阻抗域上不同频率处|S11|= –10 dB 的椭圆曲线; (b) 满足10 dB 吸收的阻抗实部R的取值范围; (c) 满足10 dB 吸收的阻抗虚部X 的取值范围
Figure 6. (a) The elliptic curves of |S11|= –10 dB at different frequencies in the complex impedance domain; (b) the value range of the impedance real part R that meets the 10 dB absorption; (c) the value range of the impedance imaginary part X that meets the 10 dB absorption.
图 7 阻抗变化曲线图 (a) W = 4.1 mm时, 改变方阻值; (b) 方阻值为60 Ω/sq时, 改变W
Figure 7. The impedance curves: (a) W = 4.1 mm, changing the square resistances; (b) the square resistance being 60 Ω/sq, changing W.
图 8 (a) 单元A结构示意图; (b) 单元B结构示意图; (c) 单元A和B的反射曲线图; (d) 单元A和B的相位差曲线图
Figure 8. (a) Schematic of the unit A; (b) schematic of the unit B; (c) the reflection amplitude curves of units A and B; (d) the phase difference between unit A and unit B.
图 9 (a) 由单元A和B组成的吸波-对消超表面示意图; (b) 该超表面与同尺寸金属平板相比的RCS减缩曲线图
Figure 9. (a) The schematic diagram of the absorption-cancellation metasurface composed of units A and B; (b) simulated RCS reduction curves of designed metasurface compared to the metal plate of the same size.
图 10 在特定频率10 GHz处仿真远场图 (a) CST仿真远场3D图; (b) Matlab理论计算远场3D图; (c) CST仿真远场2D图; (d) Matlab理论计算远场2D图
Figure 10. Simulated far-field pattern at a special frequency of 10 GHz: (a) 3D far-field pattern of CST simulated; (b) 3D far-field pattern of Matlab; (c) 2D pattern of CST simulated; (d) 2D pattern of Matlab.
图 11 超表面和同尺寸金属平板远场3D仿真对比图
Figure 11. Comparison of 3D far-field patterns of metasurface and metal plate of the same size.
图 12 吸波-对消超表面作为蒙皮在圆柱上仿真所得的RCS减缩曲线图
Figure 12. The RCS reduction curves of the absorption-cancellation metasurface loaded on metal cylinder.
图 13 加载超表面蒙皮的圆柱和同尺寸金属3D远场仿真结果对比图
Figure 13. The compared 3D far-field patterns of metasurface loaded on metal cylinder and equal-sized metal cylinder.
图 14 (a) 拱形架暗室测试环境; (b) 待测超表面样品; (c) 柔性超表面样品称重; (d) 仿真结果与测试结果对比曲线
Figure 14. (a) Test environment of arched rack; (b) sample of metasurface to be tested; (c) the weight of flexible metasurface sample; (d) simulated and tested curves.
表 2 共形圆柱RCS减缩文献研究成果比较
Table 2. Comparison of related research results for cylinder RCS reduction.
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[1] Fan J, Cheng Y 2020 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 53 025109
Google Scholar
[2] Fan J, Cheng Y, He B 2021 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 54 115101
Google Scholar
[3] Paquay M, Iriarte J C, Ederra I, Gonzalo R, De M P 2007 IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 55 3630
Google Scholar
[4] Iriarte G J C, Pereda A T, De F J L M, Ederra I 2013 IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 61 6136
Google Scholar
[5] Li Y, Zhang J, Qu S, Wang J, Chen H, Zhuo X, Zhang A 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 221110
Google Scholar
[6] Sang D, Chen Q, Ding L, Guo M, Fu Y 2019 IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 67 2604
Google Scholar
[7] Yuan F, Xu H, Jia X, Wang G, Fu Y 2020 IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 68 2463
Google Scholar
[8] Xu H, Ma S, Ling X, Zhang X, Tang S, Cai T, Sun S, He Q, Zhou L 2018 ACS Photonics 5 1691
Google Scholar
[9] Al-Nuaimi M, Wei H, Whittow W G 2020 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. Pr. 19 1048
Google Scholar
[10] Yuan F, Wang G, Xu H, Cai T, Zou X, Pang Z 2017 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. Pr. 16 3188
Google Scholar
[11] Yang J, Li Y, Cheng Y, Chen F, Luo H, Wang X, Gong R 2020 J. Appl. Phys. 127 235304
Google Scholar
[12] Yoo M, Lim S 2014 IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 62 2652
Google Scholar
[13] Shen Y, Pang Y, Wang J, Ma H, Pei Z, Qu S 2015 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 48 445008
Google Scholar
[14] Begaud X, Lepage A, Varault S, Soiron M, Barka A 2018 Materials 11 2045
Google Scholar
[15] Liu X, Lan C, Bi K, Li B, Zhao Q, Zhou J 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 062902
Google Scholar
[16] Landy N I, Sajuyigbe S, Mock J J, Smith D R, Padilla W J 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 207402
Google Scholar
[17] Marin P, Cortina D, Hernando A 2008 IEEE Trans. Magn. 44 3934
Google Scholar
[18] 刘祥萱, 陈鑫, 王煊军, 刘渊 2013 表面技术 42 104
Liu X X, Chen X, Wang X J, Liu Y 2013 Surf. Technol. 42 104
[19] Smith D R, Schultz S, Markoš P, Soukoulis C M 2002 Phys. Rev. B 65 195104
Google Scholar
[20] Chen X, Grzegorczyk T M, Wu B I, Pacheco J J, Kong J A 2004 Phys. Rev. E 70 016608
Google Scholar
[21] Smith D R, Vier D C, Koschny T, Soukoulis C M 2005 Phys. Rev. E 71 036617
Google Scholar
[22] Cheng Y, Chen F, Luo H 2021 Nanoscale Res. Lett. 16 12
Google Scholar
[23] Cheng Y, Liu J, Chen F, Luo H, Li X 2021 Phys. Lett. A 402 127345
Google Scholar
[24] Zhuang Y, Wang G, Liang J G, Zhang Q 2017 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. Pr. 16 2606
Google Scholar
[25] Ji C, Huang C, Zhang X, Yang J, Song J, Luo X 2019 Opt. Express 27 23368
Google Scholar
[26] Zhou L, Shen Z 2020 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. Pr. 19 1201
Google Scholar
[27] Leung S, Liang C P, Tao X F, Li F F, Poo Y, Wu R X 2021 Opt. Express 29 33536
Google Scholar
[28] Zhuang Y, Wang G, Liang J G, Cai T, Guo W L, Zhang Q 2017 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 465102
Google Scholar
[29] Chen W, Balanis C A, Birtcher C R, Modi A Y 2018 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. Pr. 17 343
Google Scholar
[30] Malhat H A, Zainud-Deen S H, Shabayek N A 2020 Plasmonics 15 1025
Google Scholar
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