Research progress of electromagnetic metamaterial absorbers

Wang Yan-Zhao; Xu He-Xiu; Wang Chao-Hui; Wang Ming-Zhao; Wang Shao-Jie

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200355

Abstract

Electromagnetic absorbing technology can effectively suppress the radiation of electromagnetic waves, and has been widely used in military and civilian fields. However, traditional absorbing technology cannot meet the new requirements for modern absorbing materials. The advent of metamaterials provides a solution for this problem Metamaterial absorber has the advantages of simple structure, light weight, high absorption rate, and can realize the flexible control of electromagnetic waves, which has led the electromagnetic absorption research to rapidly develop. In this paper, the research and development of using metamaterials to absorb electromagnetic wave is reviewed. Firstly, the principle, implementation, and presently existing bottlenecks of electromagnetic wave absorption in using metamaterials are outlined. Secondly, recent progress of the aforementioned key issues in three aspects is introduced, including multi-band and broadband, polarization and angle independence, and dynamic tunability. Several typical methods of making metamaterial absorbers are illustrated here. Generally speaking, the prerequisite of broadband metamaterial absorbers is to provide multiple resonances that are close enough to each other. The structure with multiple rotationally symmetric geometry is helpful in achieving polarization- and angle-insensitive properties. The flexible control of absorption performance can be realized by introducing lumped elements such as resistances, capacitances, and diodes. In addition, by means of composite traditional materials or new materials and other methods the dynamic adjustment of the absorption performance can be achieved. Although researchers have done a lot of work on the metamaterial absorbers, there remain many problems and challenges. For the future design, several promising directions are suggested from three perspectives: high performance, multifunctionality, and new structures. In terms of high performance, it is still a challenge to achieve ultra-thin broadband metamaterial absorber for low-frequency which can break through the limitation of wavelength. Integrated multifunctional metamaterials can adapt to the increasingly complex application scenarios and should gradually become the focus of attention. Since three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has proved to be applicable to the preparation of complex metamaterial structures, the new 3D metamerial absorbers will bring more vitality to the development of metamaterials. Finally, as regards the application of metamaterials in stealth, the future development of metamaterial absorbers is further summarized.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China

Corresponding author: Xu He-Xiu, hxxuellen@gmail.com

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图 1 超材料完美吸波体　(a) 单元结构示意图; (b) 吸波性能的仿真结果

Figure 1. Perfect metamaterial absorber: (a) The schematic of a unit cell; (b) simulation results for the absorption.

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图 2 三频带超材料吸波体　(a) 单元拓扑结构; (b) 等效电路模型; (c) 横电波(transverse electric, TE)模式下在不同入射角下测得的吸收率与频率的关系; (d) 横磁波(transverse magnetic, TM)模式下在不同入射角下测得的吸收率与频率的关系^[55]

Figure 2. Triple-band metamaterial absorber: (a) Topology structure of the element; (b) equivalent circuit models; (c) measured absorption as a function of frequency for TE mode radiation at different angles of incidence; (d) measured absorption as a function of frequency for TM mode radiation at different angles of incidence^[55].

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图 3 宽带太赫兹超材料吸波体　(a) 单元结构示意图; (b) 不同I型谐振器组合的吸收率^[59]

Figure 3. Terahertz metamaterial absorbers with broad band absorption: (a) Schematic of the whole unit cell; (b) simulation results of absorption for three different configurations of the I-shaped resonators^[59].

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图 4 超宽带完美超材料吸波体单元原理图　(a) 单元三维示意图; (b) 带有开口谐振环II的底层结构; (c) 带有开口谐振环I的第三层结构; (d) 加载集总电阻的第二层结构^[76]

Figure 4. Schematic geometry of unit cell for the ultra-broadband perfect metamaterial absorber: (a) the 3 D schematic of a unit cell; (b) the bottom layer with the split ring resonator-II; (c) the third layer with the split ring resonator-I; (d) the third layer with lumped resistances^[76].

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图 5 极化和角度不敏感超材料吸波体单元结构示意图　(a) 正交排布的极化不敏感单元^[81]; (b) 单频带单元^[84]; (c) 四个扇形为基础的角度不敏感单元; (d) 八个扇形为基础的角度不敏感单元^[91]

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of polarization and angle-independent metamaterial absorber unit cell: (a) Orthogonal polarization insensitive unit cell^[81]; (b) single-band metamaterial absorber unit cell^[84]; (c) four circular sector-based unit cell; (d) eight circular sector-based unit cell^[91].

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图 6 动态可调超材料吸波体　(a) 加载变容二极管的超材料吸波体^[103]; (b) 加载石墨烯的超材料吸波体单元结构^[105]; (c) 液晶可调超材料完美吸波体^[106]; (d) 基于机械可调谐的吸波体^[107]

Figure 6. Dynamically tunable metamaterial absorber: (a) Tunable metamaterial absorber using varactor diodes^[103]; (b) schematic of the unit cell of the graphene based tunable metamaterial absorber^[105]; (c) liquid crystal tunable metamaterial perfect absorber^[106]; (d) mechanically stretchable and tunable metamaterial absorber^[107].

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图 7 多功能可重构三维超材料^[134]

Figure 7. Multifunctional reconfigurable 3D metamaterial^[134].

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表 1 用于实现多频/宽频吸波体的不同方法总结

Table 1. A summary of methods used to create multiple/broadband absorbers.

方法	工作频率	相对带宽	吸收率	厚度	周期	结构	文献
平面排布	30.6—37.5 THz	20.26%	≥ 80%	0.041 λ_L	10.8 µm	“三明治”	[61]
多层堆叠	24.8/25.5 THz	N	≥ 90%	0.062 λ_L	500 nm	多层结构	[62]
多层堆叠	7.8—14.7 GHz	61.33%	≥ 90%	0.130 λ_L	11 mm	金字塔结构	[63]
集总元件	5.3—11.2 GHz	70.7%	≥ 90%	0.077 λ_L	13.6 mm	单层结构	[68]
用电阻膜	7.0—27.5 GHz	118.8%	≥ 90%	0.093 λ_L	5.5 mm	“三明治”	[69]
用电阻膜	2.0—18.5 GHz	160.97%	N	0.082 λ_L	11 mm	多层结构	[72]
基于SSPP	7.6—14.7 GHz	63.7%	≥ 90%	0.177 λ_L	14 mm	非平面结构	[74]
混合方法	4.5—25.4 GHz	139.6%	≥ 80%	0.075 λ_L	8.4 mm	多层结构	[76]
新型结构	9.05—11.4 GHz	23.0%	≥ 80%	0.060 λ_L	5 mm	分形结构	[78]
注: 相对带宽指10 dB吸收带宽, λ_L为最低工作频率所对应的工作波长, N代表没有提及.

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