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As a novel low-cost semiconductor with extraordinary photoelectric property, the inorganic CsPbX3 perovskites have become emerging materials for the next generation of X-ray detectors in the past decade. However, most of recent studies of CsPbX3 perovskite X-ray detectors are based on their internal photoelectric effect. Though it is also important and widely used in vacuum X-ray detectors, the external photoelectric effect of CsPbX3 perovskite has been rarely studied by now. Thus, the response sensitivity of the CsPbX3 perovskite’s external photoelectric effect in the X-ray region is studied in the present paper. First, a 230-nm-thick CsPbI2Br membrane is prepared on a metal substrate by a conventional one-step deposition method, with a precursor solution used. Then the external photoelectric responsivity and quantum efficiency of the CsPbI2Br membrane are calibrated in a range from 2000 to 5500 eV at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The responsivity is over 5.1 × 10–5 A/W in the range and the quantum efficiency is over 23%. These calibration data are close to those of a traditional X-ray photoelectric material CsI. The Monte-Carlo method is utilized to simulate the external photoelectric effect of CsPbI2Br perovskite, and the external photoelectric responsivity is calculated. The calculated data match well with the calibration, proving the Monte-Carlo method feasible for the external photoelectric effect simulation of CsPbX3 perovskite. Then the external photoelectric responsivities and quantum efficiencies of CsPbX3 perovskites are calculated via the Monte-Carlo method in the X-ray range from 2000 to 10000 eV. The calculated responsivities of different CsPbX3 perovskites are all close to the responsivity of CsI, and an order of magnitude higher than that of Au, and the CsPbX3 quantum efficiencies also follow a similar scenario. This indicates that CsPbX3 perovskites have good external photoelectric properties and potential applications in X-ray vacuum detectors such as photocathode and photomultiplier. The influence of thickness on CsPbX3 photoelectric response is also studied in this paper via Monte-Carlo simulation. The results show that the responsivity increases with the material thickness increasing, which is due to the increased X-ray absorption. The responsivities all reach their upper limits at a material thickness of about 150 nm, which means that the electrons generated at 150 nm can hardly escape from the material surface. It is indicated that the thickness of CsPbX3 should be no less than 150 nm to obtain the optimal photoelectric response.
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Keywords:
- CsPbX3 /
- X-ray /
- external photoelectric effect /
- responsivity
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图 1 不同材料在X光波段的线性吸收系数
Figure 1. Absorption coefficient of different materials as a function of photon energy.
图 2 (a) CsPbI2Br薄膜样品照片以及响应灵敏度测试排布示意图; (b) CsPbI2Br薄膜X射线衍射分析数据及扫描电镜照片
Figure 2. (a) Photo of a CsPbI2Br membrane sample and the layout of spectral responsivity calibration; (b) XRD data and SEM photo of CsPbI2Br membrane sample.
图 3 (a) CsPbI2Br, CsI和Au样品的谱响应灵敏度标定数据; (b) 相应的量子效率数据
Figure 3. (a) Spectral response sensitivity calibration data of CsPbI2Br, CsI and Au; (b) quantum efficiency data of CsPbI2Br, CsI and Au,
图 4 CsPbI2Br的MC模拟数据与实验数据对比
Figure 4. Comparison of MC simulation and calibration data of CsPbI2Br.
图 5 采用MC方法计算的CsPbX3响应灵敏度和量子效率 (a) CsPbI3; (b) CsPbI2Br; (c) CsPbBr3; (d) CsPbX3灵敏度模拟数据与CsI和Au测试数据的对比
Figure 5. Spectral responsivity and quantum efficiency calculated via MC simulation: (a) CsPbI3; (b) CsPbI2Br; (c) CsPbBr3; (d) comparison of CsPbX3 response simulation with experimental datas of CsI and Au.
图 6 材料厚度对CsPbX3的X光响应灵敏度的影响 (a) CsPbI3; (b) CsPbI2Br; (c) CsPbBr3
Figure 6. Influence of thickness on CsPbX3 X-ray responsivity: (a) CsPbI3; (b) CsPbI2Br; (c) CsPbBr3.
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[1] Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6050
Google Scholar
[2] Chen Y N, He M H, Peng J J, Sun Y, Liang Z Q 2016 Adv. Sci. 3 1500392
Google Scholar
[3] Quinten A A, Gabriele R, Maksym V K, Liberato M 2018 Nat. Mater. 17 394
Google Scholar
[4] Dong Y H, Zou Y S, Song J Z, Song X F, Zeng H B 2017 J. Mater. Chem. C 5 11369
Google Scholar
[5] Constantinos C S, Christos D M, John A P, Liu Z F, Maria S, Jino I, Thomas C C, Arief C W, Duck Y C, Arthur J F, Bruce W W, Mercouri G K 2013 Cryst. Growth Des. 13 2722
[6] Sergii Y, Mykhailo S, Dominik K, Shreetu S, Moses R, Gebhard J M, Hamed A, Christoph J B, Julian S, Maksym V K, Wolfgang H 2015 Nat. Photonics 9 444
Google Scholar
[7] Pan W C, Wu H D, Luo J J, Deng Z Z, Ge C, Chen C, Jiang X W, Yin W, Niu G D, Zhu L J, Yin L X, Zhou Y, Xie Q G, Ke X X, Sui M L, Tang J 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 726
Google Scholar
[8] Pan W C, Yang B, Niu G D, Xue K, Du X Y, Yin L X, Zhang M Y, Wu H D, Miao X, Tang J 2019 Adv. Mater. 31 1904405
Google Scholar
[9] Li X M, Meng C F, Huang B, Yang D D, Xu X B, Zeng H B 2020 Adv. Opt. Mater. 8 2000273
[10] Gao L, Yan Q F 2020 Sol. RRL 4 1900210
Google Scholar
[11] Loredana P, Sergii Y, Maryna I B, Franziska K, Riccarda C, Christopher H H, Yang R X, Aron W, Maksym V K 2015 Nano Lett. 15 3692
[12] Wang H, Kim D H 2017 Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 5204
Google Scholar
[13] Chen W J, Li X Q, Li Y W, Li Y F 2020 Energy Environ. Sci. 13 1971
Google Scholar
[14] Jiang Y Z, Yuan J, Ni Y X, Yang J E, Wang Y, Jiu T G, Yuan M H, Chen J 2018 Joule 2 1
Google Scholar
[15] Chen W J, Chen H Y, Xu G Y, Xue R M, Wang S H, Li Y W, Li Y F 2019 Joule 3 191
Google Scholar
[16] Fan Y Y, Fang J J, Chang X M, Tang M C, Dounya B, Xu Z, Jiang Z W, Wen J L, Zhao H, Niu T Q, Detlerf-M S, Jin S Y, Liu Z K, Li E Q, Aram A, Liu S Z, Zhao K 2019 Joule 3 2485
Google Scholar
[17] Duan C Y, Cui J, Zhang M M, Han Y, Yang S M, Zho H, Bian H T, Yao J X, Zhao K, Liu Z K, Liu S Z 2020 Adv. Energy Mater. 10 2000691
Google Scholar
[18] 易荣清, 宋天明, 赵屹东, 郑雷, 马陈燕 2013 核聚变与等离子体物理 4 320
Google Scholar
Yi R Q, Song T M, Zhao Y D, Zheng L, Ma C Y 2013 Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys. 4 320
Google Scholar
[19] 曾鹏, 袁铮, 邓博, 袁永腾, 李志超, 刘慎业, 赵屹东, 洪才浩, 郑雷, 崔明启 2012 61 155209
Google Scholar
Zeng P, Yuan Z, Deng B, Yuan Y T, Li Z C, Liu S Y, Zhao Y D, Hong C H, Zheng L, Cui M Q 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 155209
Google Scholar
[20] Spicer W E, Herrera-Gomez A 1993 Proc. SPIE. 2022 18
Google Scholar
[21] Akkerman A, Gibrekhterman A, Breskin A, Chechik R 1992 J. Appl. Phys. 72 5429
Google Scholar
[22] Li X, Gu L, Zong F K, Zhang J J, Yang Q L 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 083105
Google Scholar
[23] 李敏, 尼启良, 陈波 2009 58 6894
Google Scholar
Li M, Ni Q L, Chen B 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 6894
Google Scholar
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