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Based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms, ginseng origin identification model is established by principal component analysis algorithm combined with back-propagation (BP) neural network and support vector machine algorithm to analyze and identify ginseng from five different origins in northeast China (Daxinganling, Ji’an, Hengren, Shizhu, and Fusong). The experiment collects a total of 657 groups of laser-induced breakdown spectral data from five origins of ginseng at 200–975 nm, reduces the background continuous spectrum of the original spectral data by moving window smoothing method, labels the ginseng LIBS spectral elements according to the American NIST atomic spectral database. Eight characteristic spectral lines of 7 elements Mg, Ca, Fe, C, H, N and O are selected for principal component analysis according to characteristic spectral selection conditions. The cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components of the original spectral data reaches 92.50%, which represents a large amount of information about the original ginseng LIBS spectrum, and the samples show a good aggregation and classification in the principal component space. After dimension reduction, the first three principal components are randomly selected in a ratio of 2 to 1 and divided into 438 test sets and 219 training sets, which are used as the input values of the classification algorithm. The experimental results show that the principal component analysis combined with the BP neural network algorithm and support vector machine algorithm can correctly identify 217 and 218 spectra of 219 spectra of the test set respectively, and the average recognition rate is 99.08% and 99.5% respectively. The modeling time of BP neural network is 11.545 s shorter than that of the support vector machine. Both models misjudged Ji'an Ginseng as Shi zhu ginseng, and the reason for this misjudgment is that the normalized intensity of H and O under Ca element ion emission spectrum are similar due to the proximity of Ji 'an to Shi Zhu in geographical environment. The study presented here demonstrates that laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithm is a useful technology for rapid identification of ginseng origin and is expected to realize automatic, real-time, rapid and reliable discrimination.
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Keywords:
- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy /
- machine learning algorithm /
- identification of origin /
- ginseng
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图 1 激光诱导击穿光谱实验装置示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup of LIBS.
图 2 BP神经网络结构示意图
Figure 2. Structure of BP neural network.
图 3 人参LIBS光谱(产地分别为大兴安岭、集安、恒仁、石柱、抚松)
Figure 3. LIBS spectra of ginseng(the ginseng origins are DXAL, JA, HR, SZ and FS).
图 4 (a)各主成分贡献率和主成分累积贡献率; (b)前3个主成分的三维散点图
Figure 4. (a) Contribution rate of each principal component and cumulative contribution rate of principal component; (b) three-dimensional scatter plot of first three principal components.
图 5 (a) BP神经网络训练性能曲线; (b) 分类结果图
Figure 5. (a) BP neural network training performance curve; (b) classification results.
图 6 (a) PCA-SVM网格参数优化; (b)分类识别结果图
Figure 6. (a) PCA-SVM grid parameter optimization; (b) classification recognition result graph.
图 7 人参LIBS谱中C, H, O元素谱线的归一化强度比
Figure 7. Normalized intensity ratios of C, H and O element lines in the LIBS spectrum.
表 1 人参特征谱线及波长
Table 1. Characteristic line and wavelength of ginseng.
元素 波长/nm C I 247.80 Mg II 279.56 Ca II 393.40; 396.87 Fe I 422.71 H I 656.39 N I 747.07 O I 777.42 
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表 2 人参产地识别结果对比
Table 2. Comparison of ginseng origin identification results.
算法 测试集识别结果 平均识别精度 建模时间/s 产地 识别精度 PCA-BP DXAL 100% JA 96% HR 100% 99.08% 2.48 SZ 100% FS 100% PCA-SVM DXAL 100% JA 98% HR 100% 99.5% 14.03 SZ 100% FS 100%
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[1] Patel S, Rauf A 2017 Biomed. Pharmacother. 85 120
Google Scholar
[2] Kim J H 2018 J. Ginseng Res. 42 264
Google Scholar
[3] Huang Y, Gou M J, Jiang K, Wang L J, Yin G, Wang J, Wang P, Tu J S, Wang T J 2019 Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 54 653
Google Scholar
[4] Bec K B, Grabska J, Kirchler C G, Huck C W 2018 J. Mol. Liq. 268 895
Google Scholar
[5] Chen J B, Sun S Q, Ma F, Zhou Q 2014 Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 128 629
Google Scholar
[6] Fan Q, Chen C, Huang Z, Zhang C M, Liang P J, Zhao S L 2015 Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 136 1621
Google Scholar
[7] Radziemski L, Cremers D 2013 Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 87 3
Google Scholar
[8] 邵妍, 张艳波, 高勋, 杜闯, 林景全 2013 光谱学与光谱分析 33 2593
Google Scholar
Shao Y, Zhang Y B, Gao X, Du C, Lin J Q 2013 Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal. 33 2593
Google Scholar
[9] Costa V C, Augusto A S, Castro J P, Machado R C, Andrade D F, Babos D V, Speranca M A, Gamela R R, Pereira E R 2019 Quim. Nova 42 527
[10] Gottfried J L, Jr F C D L, Munson C A, Miziolek A W 2009 Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 395 283
Google Scholar
[11] Tzortzakis S, Anglos D, Gray D 2006 Opt. Lett. 31 1139
Google Scholar
[12] Kaiser J, Novotny K, Martin M Z, Hrdlicka A, Malina R, Hartl M, Adam V, Kizek R 2012 Surf. Sci. Rep. 67 233
Google Scholar
[13] 谷艳红, 赵南京, 马明俊, 孟德硕, 贾尧, 方丽, 刘建国, 刘文清 2018 光谱学与光谱分析 38 982
Gu Y H, Zhao N J, Ma M J, Meng D S, Jia Y, Fang L, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2018 Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal. 38 982
[14] Choi J J, Choi S J, Yoh J J 2016 Appl. Spectrosc. 70 1411
Google Scholar
[15] Yao M Y, Yang H, Huang L, Chen T B, Rao G F, Liu M H 2017 Appl. Opt. 56 4070
Google Scholar
[16] Junjuri R, Gundawar M K 2019 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 34 1683
Google Scholar
[17] Velioglu H M, Sezer B, Bilge G, Baytur S E, Boyaci Il H 2018 Meat Sci. 138 28
Google Scholar
[18] Lin J J, Lin X E, Guo L B, Guo Y M, Tang Y, Chu Y W, Tang S S, Che C J 2018 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 33 1545
Google Scholar
[19] Wang J M, Liao X Y, Zheng P C, Xue S W, Peng R 2017 Anal. Lett. 51 575
[20] 郑培超, 郑爽, 王金梅, 廖香玉, 李晓娟, 彭锐 2020 光谱学与光谱分析 40 941
Zheng P C, Zheng S, Wang J M, Liao X Y, Li X J, Peng R 2020 Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal. 40 941
[21] Koujelev A, Sabsabi M, Ros V M, Laville S, Lui S L 2010 Planet. Space Sci. 58 682
Google Scholar
[22] 于洋, 郝中骐, 李常茂, 郭连波, 李阔湖, 曾庆栋, 李祥友, 任昭, 曾晓雁 2013 62 215201
Google Scholar
Yu Y, Hao Z Q, Li C M, Guo L B, Li K H, Zeng Q D, Li X Y, Ren Z, Zeng X Y 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 215201
Google Scholar
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