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In recent years, due to the shortage of fossil energy and environmental pollution, the harvesting and conversion of solar energy using semiconductors has attracted more and more attention. Among many kinds of traditional semiconductor photocatalysts, the titanium dioxide (TiO2) has become one of the most popular semiconductor photocatalysts because of its low cost, good stability and environmental friendliness. However, TiO2 has a relatively wide band gap (i.e., 3.2 eV for anatase and 3.0 eV for rutile), which can only absorb ultraviolet light with a wavelength less than 387 nm, and has a low utilization rate of sunlight. Moreover, the photo-generated electron-hole pairs in the system of TiO2 film and particle are easy to recombine, which makes the photocatalytic efficiency of the material relatively low. In order to solve these problems, TiO2 structure with porous (such as nanotube) is used to restrain the recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs due to its large specific surface area and good charge transfer characteristics, thereby improving its photocatalytic efficiency. In addition to changing the structure of traditional semiconductor materials, using the surface plasmon resonance effect of metal micro-nano structures to improve its photoelectric conversion efficiency has many potential applications in the fields of photovoltaic, photocatalysis and photoelectric detection. In this paper, we prepare different metallic nanoparticles loaded TiO2 nanotube composite structures by atomic layer deposition method and electron beam thermal evaporation technology and investigate the photocatalytic properties of the composite structures. It is shown that comparing with the pure TiO2 nanotubes, the photocurrent of TiO2 nanotubes loaded with Au nanoparticles increases by about 400% under 568 nm visible light irradiation; the photocurrent of TiO2 nanotubes loaded with Al nanoparticles increases by about 50% under 365 nm ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; the photocurrent of TiO2 nanotubes loaded with bimetallic Au and Al nanoparticles increases by about 50% in the whole UV-visible light region: it is significantly enhanced. Based on the fact that the surface plasmon resonance frequency of Au and Al nanoparticles are complementary, not only is the optical absorption of TiO2 nanotubes enhanced and broadened, but also the photocurrent is enhanced from ultraviolet to visible light. We believe that these results will contribute to the further development of photocurrent in semiconductor nanotubes.
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Keywords:
- nanotube /
- surface plasmon /
- metallic nanoparticles /
- photocurrent
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图 1 纯TiO2纳米管(NT)和负载了Au或Al纳米颗粒的TiO2纳米管(NT)复合结构的XPS图谱 (a) Ti 2p; (b) Au 4f; (c) Al 2p
Figure 1. XPS spectra of pure TiO2 nanotubes (NT), Au/TiO2 and Al/TiO2 nanotubes: (a) Ti 2p; (b) Au 4f; (c) Al 2p.
图 2 纯TiO2纳米管(黑线)、负载Au纳米颗粒(红线)和负载Al纳米颗粒(蓝线)的TiO2纳米管的拉曼光谱
Figure 2. Raman spectra of pure TiO2 nanotubes (black line), Au/TiO2 (red line) and Al/TiO2 (blue line).
图 3 纯TiO2纳米管和Al-TiO2复合纳米管的电流-时间曲线 (a)入射光为紫外区域310—375 nm; (b)入射光为可见区域450—800 nm
Figure 3. Photocurrent of pure TiO2 nanotubes and Al/TiO2 composite nanotubes: (a) The incident light is 310–375 nm in ultraviolet (UV) region; (b) the incident light is 450–800 nm in visible region.
图 4 纯TiO2纳米管和负载不同量Au纳米颗粒TiO2纳米管的电流-时间曲线 (a)入射光为紫外区域310—375 nm; (b)入射光为可见区域450—800 nm
Figure 4. Photocurrent of pure TiO2 nanotubes and Au/TiO2 composite nanotubes: (a) The incident light is 310–375 nm in UV region; (b) the incident light is 450–800 nm in visible region.
图 5 纯TiO2纳米管和同时负载Au和Al纳米颗粒TiO2纳米管的i-t曲线 (a)入射光为紫外区域310—375 nm; (b)入射光为可见区域450—800 nm
Figure 5. Photocurrent of pure TiO2 nanotubes and Au/Al/ TiO2 composite nanotubes: (a) The incident light is 310– 375 nm in UV region; (b) the incident light is 450–800 nm in visible region.
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[1] Fujishima A, Honda K 1972 Nature 238 37
Google Scholar
[2] Archer M D 1975 J. App. Electrochem. 5 17
Google Scholar
[3] Takata T, Tanaka A, Hara M, Kondo J N, Domen K 1998 Catal. Today 44 17
Google Scholar
[4] Khaselev O, Turner J A 1998 Science 280 425
Google Scholar
[5] Kudo A, Miseki Y 2009 Chem. Soc. Rev. 38 253
Google Scholar
[6] Parida K M, Martha S, Das D P, Biswal N 2010 J. Mater. Chem. 20 7144
Google Scholar
[7] Biswal N, Das D P, Martha S, Parida K M 2011 Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36 13452
Google Scholar
[8] Hardee K L, Bard A J 1977 J. Electrochem. Soc. 124 215
Google Scholar
[9] Scaife D E 1980 Solar Energy 25 41
Google Scholar
[10] Mor G K, Shankar K, Paulose M, Varghese O K, Grimes C A 2005 Nano Lett. 5 191
Google Scholar
[11] Nowotny J, Bak T, Nowotny M K, Sheppard L R 2007 Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 32 2609
Google Scholar
[12] Alexander B D, Kulesza P J, Rutkowska I, Solarska R, Augustynski J 2008 J. Mater. Chem. 18 2298
Google Scholar
[13] Youngblood W J, Lee S H A, Kobayashi Y, et al. 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 926
Google Scholar
[14] Khan S U M, Al-Shahry M, Ingler W B 2002 Science 297 2243
Google Scholar
[15] Mun K S, Alvarez S D, Choi W Y, Sailor M J 2010 ACS Nano 4 2070
Google Scholar
[16] He H, Xiao P, Zhang Y, Jia Y, Yang Y, Qiao Z 2012 J. Alloys Comp. 522 63
Google Scholar
[17] Ye M, Xin X, Lin C, Lin Z 2011 Nano Lett. 11 3214
Google Scholar
[18] Lu Y H, Wang W G, Weng Y Y, Dong W 2015 Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 108101
Google Scholar
[19] Zhang Z, Zhang L, Hedhili M N, Zhang H, Wang P 2013 Nano Lett. 13 14
Google Scholar
[20] Liu Z, Hou W, Pavaskar P, Aykol M, Cronin S B 2011 Nano Lett. 11 1111
Google Scholar
[21] Knight M W, King N S, Liu L, Everitt H O, Nordlander P, Halas N J 2014 ACS Nano 8 834
Google Scholar
[22] Kruse N, Chenakin S 2011 Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 391 367
Google Scholar
[23] Arrii S, Morfin F, Renouprez A J, Rousset J L 2004 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 1199
Google Scholar
[24] Yang L, Luo S, Liu S, et al. 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 8939
Google Scholar
[25] Parker J C, Siegel R W 1990 Appl. Phys. Lett. 57 943
Google Scholar
[26] Idakiev V, Tabakova T, Naydenov A, Yuan Z Y, Su B L 2006 Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 63 178
Google Scholar
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