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Magnetic fields are generally sensed by a device that makes use of the Hall effect. Hall-effect sensors are widely used for proximity switching, positioning, speed detecting for the purpose of control and condition monitoring. Currently, the Hall sensor products are mainly based on the narrow-bandgap Si or GaAs semiconductor, and they are suitable for room temperature or low temperature environment, while the novel wide-bandgap GaN-based Hall sensors are more suitable for the application in various high-temperature environments. However, the spatial structure of the GaN-based sensor is mainly horizontal and hence it is only able to detect the magnetic field perpendicular to it. To detect the parallel field on the sensor surface, the vertical structure device is required despite encountering many difficulties in technology, for example reducing the vertical electric field in the two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) channel. The vertical Hall sensor has not been reported so far, so it is technically impossible to realize three-dimensional magnetic field detection on single chip. To address the mentioned issues, in this paper we propose a design of the vertical Hall sensor based on the wide-bandgap AlGaN/GaN heterojunction material, which adopts a shallow etching of 2-DEG channel barrier to form a locally trenched structure. The material parameters and physical models of the proposed device are first calibrated against real device test data, and then the key structural parameters such as device electrode spacing ratio, mesa width and sensing electrode length are optimized by using technology computer aided design, and the device characteristics are analyzed. Finally, the simulation results confirm that the proposed Hall sensor has a higher sensitivity of magnetic field detection and lower temperature drift coefficient (
$\sim $ 600 ppm/K), and the device can work stably in a high-temperature (greater than 500 K) environment. Therefore, the vertical and horizontal devices can be fabricated simultaneously on the same wafer in the future, thus achieving a three-dimensional magnetic field detection in various high-temperature environments.-
Keywords:
- magnetic sensor /
- AlGaN/GaN heterojunction /
- two-dimensional electron gas /
- high temperature stability
[1] Boero G, Demierre M, Besse P A, Popovic R S 2003 Sens. Actuator A: Phys. 106 314
Google Scholar
[2] Nama T, Gogoi A K, Tripathy P 2017 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors (IRIS) Ottawa, Canada, October 5−7, 2017 p208
[3] Roumenin C, Dimitrov K, Ivanov A 2001 Sens. Actuator A: Phys. 92 119
Google Scholar
[4] Dimitrov K 2007 Measurement 40 816
Google Scholar
[5] 黄乐, 张志勇, 彭练矛 2017 66 218501
Google Scholar
Huang L, Zhang Z Y, Peng L M 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 218501
Google Scholar
[6] Bilotti A, Monreal G, Vig R 1997 IEEE J. Solid-State Circuit. 32 829
Google Scholar
[7] Behet M, Bekaert J, de Boeck J, Borghs G 2000 Sens. Actuator A: Phys. 81 13
Google Scholar
[8] Kunets V P, Easwaran S, Black W T, Guzun D, Mazur Y I, Goel N, Mishima T D, Santos M B, Salamo G J 2009 IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 56 683
[9] Koide S, Takahashi H, Abderrahmane A, Shibasaki I, Sandhu A 2012 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 352 012009
Google Scholar
[10] Hassan A, Ali M, Savaria Y, Sawan M 2019 Microelectron. J. 84 129
Google Scholar
[11] Li L, Chen J, Gu X, Li X, Pu T, Ao J-P 2018 Superlattice Microst. 123 274
Google Scholar
[12] Alim M A, Rezazadeh A A, Gaquiere C, Crupi G 2019 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 34 035002
Google Scholar
[13] Dowling K M, Alpert H S, Yalamarthy A S, Satterthwaite P F, Kumar S, Köck H, Ausserlechner U, Senesky D G 2019 IEEE Sens. Lett. 3 2500904
Google Scholar
[14] 唐文昕, 郝荣晖, 陈扶, 于国浩, 张宝顺 2018 67 198501
Google Scholar
Tang W X, Hao R H, Chen F, Yu G H, Zhang B S 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 198501
Google Scholar
[15] Ambacher O, Foutz B, Smart J, Shealy J R, Weimann N G, Chu K, Murphy M, Sierakowski A J, Schaff W J, Eastman L F, Dimitrov R, Mitchell A, Stutzmann M 2000 J. Appl. Phys. 87 334
Google Scholar
[16] Ambacher O, Smart J, Shealy J R, Weimann N G, Chu K, Murphy M, Schaff W J, Eastman L F, Dimitrov R, Wittmer L, Stutzmann M, Rieger W, Hilsenbeck J 1999 J. Appl. Phys. 85 3222
Google Scholar
[17] Abderrahmane A, Koide S, Sato S I, Ohshima T, Sandhu A, Okada H 2012 IEEE Trans. Magn. 48 4421
Google Scholar
[18] Nifa I, Leroux C, Torres A, Charles M, Blachier D, Reimbold G, Ghibaudo G, Bano E 2017 Microelectron. Eng. 178 128
Google Scholar
[19] White T P, Shetty S, Ware M E, Mantooth H A, Salamo G J 2018 IEEE Sens. J. 18 2944
Google Scholar
[20] Abderrahmane A, Tashiro T, Takahashi H, Ko P J, Okada H, Sato S, Ohshima T, Sandhu A 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 023508
Google Scholar
[21] Heidari H, Bonizzoni E, Gatti U, Maloberti F, Dahiya R 2016 IEEE Sens. J. 16 8736
Google Scholar
[22] Kaufmann T, Vecchi M C, Ruther P, Paul O 2012 Sensor. Actuat. A: Phys. 178 1
Google Scholar
[23] 黄杨, 徐跃, 郭宇锋 2015 半导体学报 36 124006
Huang Y, Xu Y, Guo Y 2015 J. Semicond. 36 124006
[24] Popovic R S 1984 IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. 5 357
Google Scholar
[25] Pascal J, Hebrard L, Kammerer J B, Frick V, Blonde J P 2007 IEEE Sensors 2007 Conference Atlanta, GA, USA, October 28–31, 2007 p1480
[26] Popovic R S 2003 Hall Effect Devices (Vol. 2) (London: Institute of Physics Publishing) pp179−242
[27] Allegretto W, Nathan A, Baltes H 1991 IEEE Trans. Comput.: Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. 10 501
Google Scholar
[28] Riccobene C, Gartner K, Wachutka G, Baltes H, Fichtner W 1994 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting San Francisco, CA, USA, December 11−14, 1994 p727
[29] Riccobene C, Wachutka G, Burgler J, Baltes H 1994 IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 41 32
[30] Farahmand M, Garetto C, Bellotti E, Brennan K F, Goano M, Ghillino E, Ghione G, Albrecht J D, Ruden P P 2001 IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 48 535
Google Scholar
[31] Anderson T J, Tadjer M J, Mastro M A, Hite J K, Hobart K D, Eddy C R, Kub F J 2010 J. Electron. Mater. 39 478
Google Scholar
[32] Consejo C, Contreras S, Konczewicz L, Lorenzini P, Cordier Y, Skierbiszewski C, Robert J L 2005 Phys. Stat. Sol. (c)
2 1438 Google Scholar
[33] Roumenin C S, Nikolov D, Ivanov A 2004 Sensor. Actuat. A: Phys. 115 303
Google Scholar
[34] Zhao X, Bai Y, Deng Q, Ai C, Yang X, Wen D 2017 IEEE Sens. J. 17 5849
Google Scholar
[35] Kejik P, Schurig E, Bergsma F, Popovic R S 2005 The 13th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors Seoul, Korea, June 5–9, 2005 p317
[36] Yamamura T, Nakamura D, Higashiwaki M, Matsui T, Sandhu A 2006 J. Appl. Phys. 99 08B302
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图 1 基于GaN基异质结结构的垂直型霍尔传感器结构 (a)剖面图; (b)俯视图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of GaN-based vertical Hall sensor: (a) Sectional and (b) top views.
图 2 器件仿真数据与实验转移特性结果进行对比的器件参数校准过程[31]
Figure 2. Comparisons of simulated IDS-VGS characteristics of the Hall sensor with the experimental data.
图 3 2-DEG沟道界面下方电子浓度分布与势垒层剩余厚度的关系
Figure 3. Profiles of 2-DEG concentration vs. AlGaN barrier thickness.
图 4 霍尔电压(或2-DEG电子浓度)与势垒层剩余厚度的关系
Figure 4. Hall voltage (or 2-DEG concentration) vs. AlGaN barrier thickness.
图 5 当d = 7 nm时, 传感器电流密度空间分布对比 (a)无外加磁场; (b)外加磁场B = 1 T
Figure 5. Comparisons of current density distribution in vertical Hall sensor with d = 7 nm under the conditions of (a) B = 0 and (b) B = 1 T.
图 6 电流相关敏感度SI与L2/L1比值的关系
Figure 6. Current-related sensitivity as a function of the ratio of L2/L1.
图 7 电流相关敏感度SI(或输入电阻Rin)与感测电极长度l2的关系
Figure 7. Current-related sensitivity and input resistance as a function of the l2.
图 8 电流相关敏感度(或输入电阻)与器件宽度w的关系
Figure 8. Current-related sensitivity and input resistance as a function of the w.
图 9 器件输出电压随磁场和工作温度的变化
Figure 9. Temperature dependence of output Hall voltage as a function of magnetic induction.
图 10 电流相关敏感度随工作温度的变化
Figure 10. Current-related sensitivity as a function of temperature.
表 1 仿真中所用的典型器件物理参数
Table 1. Summary of physical parameters adopted in the simulations.
物理参数 单位 GaN AlN 禁带宽度 Eg eV 3.4 6.2 电子亲和能χ V 3.4 1.9 相对介电常数$\epsilon $ — 9.4 8.8 迁移率 μ cm2/(V·s) 1310 300 电子饱和速率 vsat cm/s 1.8 × 107 1.3 × 107 电子发射截面 σ0n cm2 1.0 × 10–15 1.0 × 10–15 导带状态密度 Nc cm–3 2.7 × 1018 4.1 × 1018 价带状态密度 Nv cm–3 2.5 × 1019 2.8 × 1020 热导率 κ W/(cm·K) 1.3 2.9 
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表 2 基于不同材料的霍尔传感器关键性能指标对比
Table 2. Comparisons of key performances of Hall sensors based on various materials.
器件类别 工作温度/K 温漂系数ST/ppm·K–1 灵敏度SI/V·(A·T)–1 Si基垂直型[33] T < 350 $\sim $1000 41 (x方向) Si基垂直型[34] T < 350 4545 77.5 (x方向) Si基垂直型[35] T < 350 1500 N/A InAs/AlGaSb水平型[7] T < 400 1710 250 InAs/AlGaSb水平型[7] T < RT 2690 302 AlGaN/GaN水平型[19] T > 400 $\sim $1000 113 AlGaN/GaN水平型[36] T > 400 820 46 AlGaN/GaN垂直型(本文) T > 500 $\sim $600 75.7 (w = 3 μm) 113.7 (w = 2 μm)
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[1] Boero G, Demierre M, Besse P A, Popovic R S 2003 Sens. Actuator A: Phys. 106 314
Google Scholar
[2] Nama T, Gogoi A K, Tripathy P 2017 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors (IRIS) Ottawa, Canada, October 5−7, 2017 p208
[3] Roumenin C, Dimitrov K, Ivanov A 2001 Sens. Actuator A: Phys. 92 119
Google Scholar
[4] Dimitrov K 2007 Measurement 40 816
Google Scholar
[5] 黄乐, 张志勇, 彭练矛 2017 66 218501
Google Scholar
Huang L, Zhang Z Y, Peng L M 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 218501
Google Scholar
[6] Bilotti A, Monreal G, Vig R 1997 IEEE J. Solid-State Circuit. 32 829
Google Scholar
[7] Behet M, Bekaert J, de Boeck J, Borghs G 2000 Sens. Actuator A: Phys. 81 13
Google Scholar
[8] Kunets V P, Easwaran S, Black W T, Guzun D, Mazur Y I, Goel N, Mishima T D, Santos M B, Salamo G J 2009 IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 56 683
[9] Koide S, Takahashi H, Abderrahmane A, Shibasaki I, Sandhu A 2012 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 352 012009
Google Scholar
[10] Hassan A, Ali M, Savaria Y, Sawan M 2019 Microelectron. J. 84 129
Google Scholar
[11] Li L, Chen J, Gu X, Li X, Pu T, Ao J-P 2018 Superlattice Microst. 123 274
Google Scholar
[12] Alim M A, Rezazadeh A A, Gaquiere C, Crupi G 2019 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 34 035002
Google Scholar
[13] Dowling K M, Alpert H S, Yalamarthy A S, Satterthwaite P F, Kumar S, Köck H, Ausserlechner U, Senesky D G 2019 IEEE Sens. Lett. 3 2500904
Google Scholar
[14] 唐文昕, 郝荣晖, 陈扶, 于国浩, 张宝顺 2018 67 198501
Google Scholar
Tang W X, Hao R H, Chen F, Yu G H, Zhang B S 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 198501
Google Scholar
[15] Ambacher O, Foutz B, Smart J, Shealy J R, Weimann N G, Chu K, Murphy M, Sierakowski A J, Schaff W J, Eastman L F, Dimitrov R, Mitchell A, Stutzmann M 2000 J. Appl. Phys. 87 334
Google Scholar
[16] Ambacher O, Smart J, Shealy J R, Weimann N G, Chu K, Murphy M, Schaff W J, Eastman L F, Dimitrov R, Wittmer L, Stutzmann M, Rieger W, Hilsenbeck J 1999 J. Appl. Phys. 85 3222
Google Scholar
[17] Abderrahmane A, Koide S, Sato S I, Ohshima T, Sandhu A, Okada H 2012 IEEE Trans. Magn. 48 4421
Google Scholar
[18] Nifa I, Leroux C, Torres A, Charles M, Blachier D, Reimbold G, Ghibaudo G, Bano E 2017 Microelectron. Eng. 178 128
Google Scholar
[19] White T P, Shetty S, Ware M E, Mantooth H A, Salamo G J 2018 IEEE Sens. J. 18 2944
Google Scholar
[20] Abderrahmane A, Tashiro T, Takahashi H, Ko P J, Okada H, Sato S, Ohshima T, Sandhu A 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 023508
Google Scholar
[21] Heidari H, Bonizzoni E, Gatti U, Maloberti F, Dahiya R 2016 IEEE Sens. J. 16 8736
Google Scholar
[22] Kaufmann T, Vecchi M C, Ruther P, Paul O 2012 Sensor. Actuat. A: Phys. 178 1
Google Scholar
[23] 黄杨, 徐跃, 郭宇锋 2015 半导体学报 36 124006
Huang Y, Xu Y, Guo Y 2015 J. Semicond. 36 124006
[24] Popovic R S 1984 IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. 5 357
Google Scholar
[25] Pascal J, Hebrard L, Kammerer J B, Frick V, Blonde J P 2007 IEEE Sensors 2007 Conference Atlanta, GA, USA, October 28–31, 2007 p1480
[26] Popovic R S 2003 Hall Effect Devices (Vol. 2) (London: Institute of Physics Publishing) pp179−242
[27] Allegretto W, Nathan A, Baltes H 1991 IEEE Trans. Comput.: Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. 10 501
Google Scholar
[28] Riccobene C, Gartner K, Wachutka G, Baltes H, Fichtner W 1994 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting San Francisco, CA, USA, December 11−14, 1994 p727
[29] Riccobene C, Wachutka G, Burgler J, Baltes H 1994 IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 41 32
[30] Farahmand M, Garetto C, Bellotti E, Brennan K F, Goano M, Ghillino E, Ghione G, Albrecht J D, Ruden P P 2001 IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 48 535
Google Scholar
[31] Anderson T J, Tadjer M J, Mastro M A, Hite J K, Hobart K D, Eddy C R, Kub F J 2010 J. Electron. Mater. 39 478
Google Scholar
[32] Consejo C, Contreras S, Konczewicz L, Lorenzini P, Cordier Y, Skierbiszewski C, Robert J L 2005 Phys. Stat. Sol. (c)
2 1438 Google Scholar
[33] Roumenin C S, Nikolov D, Ivanov A 2004 Sensor. Actuat. A: Phys. 115 303
Google Scholar
[34] Zhao X, Bai Y, Deng Q, Ai C, Yang X, Wen D 2017 IEEE Sens. J. 17 5849
Google Scholar
[35] Kejik P, Schurig E, Bergsma F, Popovic R S 2005 The 13th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors Seoul, Korea, June 5–9, 2005 p317
[36] Yamamura T, Nakamura D, Higashiwaki M, Matsui T, Sandhu A 2006 J. Appl. Phys. 99 08B302
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