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Diamond is regarded as one of the most promising semiconductor materials used for high power devices because of its superior physical and electrical properties, such as wide bandgap, high breakdown electric field, high mobility, and high thermal conductivity. Highpower diamond devices are now receiving much attention. In particular, Schottky diode based on a metal/diamond junction has promising applications, and high breakdown voltage has been achieved, though unfortunately its forward resistance is high. In this paper, the first principles calculations are performed to study the electronic structure of interface and the Schottky barrier height of Al-diamond interface. The projection of the density of states on the atomic orbitals of the interface atoms reveals that the typical Al-induced gap states are associated with a smooth density of states in the bulk diamond band gap region, and these gap states are found to be localized within three atom layers. At the same time, electronic charge transfer makes the Fermi level upgrade on the side of diamond. Besides, the typical Al-induced gap state model gives a simple picture about what determines Schottky barrier height at Al-diamond interface, by assuming an ideal, defect-free and laterally homogeneous Schottky interface in which the only interaction comes from the decay of the electron wave function from the metal into the semiconductor, which in turn induces electronic charges to be rearranged in the region close to the interface. As for the electronic charge transfer, this potential shift can be extracted by subtracting the superimposed planar or macroscopically averaged electrostatic potentials of the Al and diamond surfaces (at frozen atomic positions), from the planar or macroscopically averaged potential of the relaxed Al-diamond interface. The electronic charge transfer suggests that the formation of an interface should be associated with the formation of new chemical bonds and substantial rearrangements of the electron charge density. Especially, we obtain the Schottky barrier height of 1.03 by the first principle, which is in good agreement with the results from phenomenological model and experiment. The research results in this paper can provide a theoretical basis for the research of the metal diamond Schottky junction diode, and can also give a theoretical reference for the research of the metal-semiconductor highpower device based on diamond material.
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Keywords:
- Al-diamond interface /
- interfacial electronic state /
- Schottky barrier /
- electrostatic potential average
[1] Wort C J H, Balmer R S 2008 Mater. Today 11 22
[2] Crawford K G, Cao L, Qi D C, Tallaire A, Limiti E, Verona C, Wee A T S, Moran D A J 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 042103
[3] Russell S A O, Sharabi S, Tallaire A, Moran D A J 2012 IEEE Electron Device Lett. 33 1471
[4] Volpe P N, Muret P, Pernot J, Omnes F, Teraji T, Koide Y, Jomard F, Planson D, Brosselard P, Dheilly N, Vergne B, Scharnholz S 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 223501
[5] Huang W, Chow T P, Yang J, Butler J E 2004 Int. J. High Speed Electron. Syst. 14 872
[6] Umezawa H, Kato Y, Shikata S 2013 Appl. Phys. Express 6 011302
[7] Kumaresan H R, Umezawa H, Shikata S 2010 Diamond Relat. Mat. 19 1324
[8] Ohmagari S, Teraji T, Koide Y 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 110 056105
[9] Pereira L, Rodrigues A, Gomes H, Pereira E 2001 Diamond Relat. Mater. 10 615
[10] Kawashima H, Noguchi H, Matsumoto T, Kato H, Ogura M, Makino T, Shirai S, Takeuchi D, Yamasaki S 2015 Appl. Phys. Express 8 104103
[11] Makino T, Tanimoto S, Hayashi Y, Kato H, Tokuda N, Ogura M, Takeuchi D, Oyama K, Ohashi H, Okushi H, Yamasaki S 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 262101
[12] Ueda K, Kawamoto K, Asano H 2014 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53 853
[13] Teraji T, Koide Y, Ito T 2009 Phys. Status Solidi (RRL) 3 211
[14] Hohenberg P, Kohn W 1964 Phys. Rev. B 136 864
[15] Ceperley D M, Alder B J 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 566
[16] Monkhorst H J, Pack J D 1976 Phys. Rev. B 13 5188
[17] Heyd J, Scuseria G E, Ernzerhof M 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 124 219906
[18] Krukau A V, Vydrov O A, Izmaylov A F, Scuseria G E 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 125 224106
[19] Paier J, Marsman M, Hummer K, Kresse G, Gerber I C, ngyn J G 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 124 154709
[20] Paier J, Marsman M, Hummer K, Kresse G, Gerber I C, ngyn J G 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 125 249901
[21] Silvestri L, Ladouceur F 2016 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7 1534
[22] Methfessel M, Hennig D, Scheffler M 1992 Phys. Rev. B 46 4816
[23] Fall C J, Binggeli N, Baldereschi A 1999 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 11 2689
[24] Leung T C, Kao C L, Su W S, Feng Y J, Chan C T 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 195408
[25] Fall C J, Binggeli N, Baldereschi A 1999 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 11 2689
[26] Wu K P, Qi J, Peng B, Tang K, Ye J D, Zhu S M, Gu S L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 187304 (in Chinese) [吴孔平, 齐剑, 彭波, 汤琨, 叶建东, 朱顺明, 顾书林 2015 64 187304]
[27] Singh-Miller N E, Marzari N 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 235407
[28] Gebreselasie D, Benesh G A 1997 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 9 8359
[29] Kawarada H, Sasaki H, Sato A 1995 Phys. Rev. B 52 11351
[30] Hong S, Chou M Y 1997 Phys. Rev. B 55 9975
[31] Steckel J A, Kresse G, Hafner J 2002 Phys. Rev. B 66 155406
[32] Yu Y, Gu C Z, Xu L F, Zhang S B 2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 125423
[33] van der Weide J, Zhang Z, Baumann P K, Wensell M G, Bernholc J, Nemanich R J 1994 Phys. Rev. B 50 5803
[34] Mnch W 2004 Electronic Properties of Semiconductor Interfaces (Springer Series in Surface Sciences) (Berlin: Springer) pp147-160
[35] Mnch W 1987 Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 1260
[36] Kawarada H 1996 Surf. Sci. Rep. 26 205
[37] Mnch W 1994 Europhys. Lett. 27 479
[38] von Windheim J A, Venkatesan V, Malta D M, Das K 1993 J. Electron. Mater. 22 391
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[1] Wort C J H, Balmer R S 2008 Mater. Today 11 22
[2] Crawford K G, Cao L, Qi D C, Tallaire A, Limiti E, Verona C, Wee A T S, Moran D A J 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 042103
[3] Russell S A O, Sharabi S, Tallaire A, Moran D A J 2012 IEEE Electron Device Lett. 33 1471
[4] Volpe P N, Muret P, Pernot J, Omnes F, Teraji T, Koide Y, Jomard F, Planson D, Brosselard P, Dheilly N, Vergne B, Scharnholz S 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 223501
[5] Huang W, Chow T P, Yang J, Butler J E 2004 Int. J. High Speed Electron. Syst. 14 872
[6] Umezawa H, Kato Y, Shikata S 2013 Appl. Phys. Express 6 011302
[7] Kumaresan H R, Umezawa H, Shikata S 2010 Diamond Relat. Mat. 19 1324
[8] Ohmagari S, Teraji T, Koide Y 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 110 056105
[9] Pereira L, Rodrigues A, Gomes H, Pereira E 2001 Diamond Relat. Mater. 10 615
[10] Kawashima H, Noguchi H, Matsumoto T, Kato H, Ogura M, Makino T, Shirai S, Takeuchi D, Yamasaki S 2015 Appl. Phys. Express 8 104103
[11] Makino T, Tanimoto S, Hayashi Y, Kato H, Tokuda N, Ogura M, Takeuchi D, Oyama K, Ohashi H, Okushi H, Yamasaki S 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 262101
[12] Ueda K, Kawamoto K, Asano H 2014 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53 853
[13] Teraji T, Koide Y, Ito T 2009 Phys. Status Solidi (RRL) 3 211
[14] Hohenberg P, Kohn W 1964 Phys. Rev. B 136 864
[15] Ceperley D M, Alder B J 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 566
[16] Monkhorst H J, Pack J D 1976 Phys. Rev. B 13 5188
[17] Heyd J, Scuseria G E, Ernzerhof M 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 124 219906
[18] Krukau A V, Vydrov O A, Izmaylov A F, Scuseria G E 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 125 224106
[19] Paier J, Marsman M, Hummer K, Kresse G, Gerber I C, ngyn J G 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 124 154709
[20] Paier J, Marsman M, Hummer K, Kresse G, Gerber I C, ngyn J G 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 125 249901
[21] Silvestri L, Ladouceur F 2016 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7 1534
[22] Methfessel M, Hennig D, Scheffler M 1992 Phys. Rev. B 46 4816
[23] Fall C J, Binggeli N, Baldereschi A 1999 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 11 2689
[24] Leung T C, Kao C L, Su W S, Feng Y J, Chan C T 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 195408
[25] Fall C J, Binggeli N, Baldereschi A 1999 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 11 2689
[26] Wu K P, Qi J, Peng B, Tang K, Ye J D, Zhu S M, Gu S L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 187304 (in Chinese) [吴孔平, 齐剑, 彭波, 汤琨, 叶建东, 朱顺明, 顾书林 2015 64 187304]
[27] Singh-Miller N E, Marzari N 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 235407
[28] Gebreselasie D, Benesh G A 1997 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 9 8359
[29] Kawarada H, Sasaki H, Sato A 1995 Phys. Rev. B 52 11351
[30] Hong S, Chou M Y 1997 Phys. Rev. B 55 9975
[31] Steckel J A, Kresse G, Hafner J 2002 Phys. Rev. B 66 155406
[32] Yu Y, Gu C Z, Xu L F, Zhang S B 2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 125423
[33] van der Weide J, Zhang Z, Baumann P K, Wensell M G, Bernholc J, Nemanich R J 1994 Phys. Rev. B 50 5803
[34] Mnch W 2004 Electronic Properties of Semiconductor Interfaces (Springer Series in Surface Sciences) (Berlin: Springer) pp147-160
[35] Mnch W 1987 Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 1260
[36] Kawarada H 1996 Surf. Sci. Rep. 26 205
[37] Mnch W 1994 Europhys. Lett. 27 479
[38] von Windheim J A, Venkatesan V, Malta D M, Das K 1993 J. Electron. Mater. 22 391
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