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降低金属-半导体界面的肖特基势垒并实现欧姆接触对于研发高性能肖特基场效应管非常重要. 鉴于实验上已成功制备GaN及1T-VSe2单层, 本文理论构建GaN/1T-VSe2异质结模型, 并利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理研究了其稳定性、肖特基势垒特性及其调控效应. 计算的形成焓及淬火分子动力学模拟表明构建的异质结是稳定的. 研究表明: 本征异质结为p型肖特基接触, 同时发现施加拉伸或压缩应变, 异质结始终保持p型肖特基接触不变, 没有出现欧姆接触. 而施加外电场则不同, 具有明显的调控效应, 较高的正向电场能使异质结从肖特基接触转变为欧姆接触, 较高的反向电场能导致p型肖特基接触转变为n型肖特基接触. 特别是实施化学掺杂, 异质结较容易实现由肖特基接触到欧姆接触的转变, 例如引入B原子能使GaN/1T-VSe2异质结实现典型的欧姆接触, 而C和F原子掺杂, 能使GaN/1T-VSe2异质结实现准欧姆接触. 这些研究对该异质结的实际应用提供了理论参考, 特别是对于研发新型高性能纳米场效应管具有重要意义.Reducing the Schottky barrier at the metal-semiconductor interface and achieving Ohmic contacts are very important for developing high-performance Schottky field-effect devices. Based on the fact that GaN and 1T-VSe2 monolayers have been successfully prepared experimentally, we theoretically construct a GaN/1T-VSe2 heterojunction model and investigate its stability, Schottky barrier property and its modulation effects by using first-principle method. The calculated formation energy and the molecular dynamics simulations show that the constructed heterojunction is very stable, meaning that it can be realized experimentally. The intrinsic heterojunction holds a p-type Schottky contact and always keeps the same p-type Schottky contact when tensile or compressive strain is applied. But when the external electric field is applied, the situation is different. For example, a higher forward electric field can cause the heterojunction to change from a Schottky contact into an Ohmic contact, and a higher reverse electric field can lead to a variation from a p-type Schottky contact to an n-type Schottky contact. In particular, by implementing chemical doping, the transition from Schottky contact to Ohmic contact can be achieved more easily for the heterojunction. For example, the introduction of B atom enables the GaN/1T-VSe2 heterojunction to realize a typical Ohmic contact, while for C and F atom doping, the GaN/1T-VSe2 heterojunction can achieve a quasi-Ohmic contact. These studies provide a theoretical reference for the practical application of the suggested heterojunction, and are of very important in designing novel high-performance nano-scale electronic devices.
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Keywords:
- van der Waals heterojunction /
- Schottky barrier /
- Ohmic contact /
- physical regulation /
- chemical doping
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图 1 (a) GaN单层原子结构正视图和侧视图; (b) GaN单层能带结构和DOS; (c) 1T-VSe2单层原子结构正视图和侧视图; (d) 1T-VSe2单层能带结构, 其中黑色实线和虚线分别表示电子上旋和下旋能带结构
Fig. 1. (a) Top and side views of GaN monolayer atomic structure; (b) band structure and DOS of GaN monolayer; (c) top and side views of 1T-VSe2 monolayer atomic structure; (d) band structure of 1T-VSe2 monolayer, in which the black solid line and dotted line represent the electronic α-spin and β-spin band structure, respectively.
图 2 GaN与1T-VSe2单层形成异质结时不同堆叠方式, GaN层的N原子分别对齐1T-VSe2层的(a) V原子, (b)上层Se原子, (c)下层Se原子, (d) V-Se键中间, 以及(e)空位, 并记为S1—S5. (f) 5种堆叠方式的最低能量的相对值ΔE
Fig. 2. Different stacking configurations for GaN and 1T-VSe2 monolayers integrated to form heterojunctions. The N atom in top GaN layer is just aligned with the (a) V atom, (b) upper Se atoms, (c) lower Se atom, (d) middle of V—Se bond, and (e) hollow site in bottom 1T-VSe2 layer, which are marked as S1—S5, respectively. (f) Relative value of the lowest energy ΔE, for five stacking configurations.
图 3 (a)本征异质结S1的正视图和侧视图; (b)进行淬火处理后异质结S1的正视图和侧视图; (c)异质结S1的能带结构以及DOS图, 红色和黑色分别表示GaN和1T-VSe2单层对能带的贡献, 灰色部分表示总DOS, 红色部分表示GaN的PDOS; (d) 异质结S1沿垂直方向的平均静电势以及空间电荷差密度, 其中青色表示失去电子, 紫色表示得到电子, 等值面为0.001 e·Å–3
Fig. 3. (a) Top and side views for intrinsic heterojunction S1; (b) top and side views for heterojunction S1 after quenching treatment; (c) band structure and DOS of the heterojunction S1, red and black lines denote the respective contribution of GaN and 1T-VSe2 monolayers to the energy band structure, the gray part indicates the total density of states, and the red part indicates the PDOS of GaN; (d) the average electrostatic potential and space charge density difference in the vertical direction of heterojunction S1, where cyan represents the loss of electrons, and purple represents the gain of electrons, the isosurface is set to 0.001 e·Å–3.
图 4 垂直应变效应 (a)异质结S1施加应变示意图; (b)异质结的肖特基势垒高度 ΦB,n, ΦB,p和GaN单层的带隙Eg随层间距的变化, 绿色竖直虚线表示本征异质结层间距
Fig. 4. Vertical strain effects: (a) Schematic diagram of applied strain for heterojunction S1; (b) Schottky barrier heights ΦB,n and ΦB,p, and the band gap Eg for GaN monolayers versus layer spacing, where the green vertical dotted line represents the layer spacing for intrinsic heterostructure .
图 5 异质结S1的能带结构随层间距的变化细节, 其中黑色表示1T-VSe2层的贡献, 橙色表示GaN层的贡献, 在费米能级附近的上下两个方框分别表示ΦB,n和ΦB,p
Fig. 5. Detailed variation of energy band structure for heterojunction S1 with the layer spacing, where black represents the contribution of 1T-VSe2 layer, orange denotes the contribution of GaN layer, and the upper and lower two boxes around the Fermi level indicate ΦB,n and ΦB,p, respectively.
图 6 外加电场效应 (a)异质结S1施加外电场作用示意图; (b)异质结的肖特基势垒高度 ΦB,n, ΦB,p和GaN单层的带隙Eg随电场的变化
Fig. 6. External electric field effects: (a) Schematic diagram of applying external electric field for heterojunction S1; (b) Schottky barrier height ΦB,n and ΦB,p, and the band gap Eg of GaN monolayer versus external electric field.
图 7 异质结S1的能带结构随外电场变化情况, 其中黑色表示1T-VSe2层的贡献, 橙色表示GaN层的贡献, 上下两个方框分别表示ΦB,n和ΦB,p
Fig. 7. Energy band structure of heterojunction S1 changes with the external electric field in details, where black represents the contribution of 1T-VSe2 layer, orange denotes the contribution of GaN layer, and the upper and lower two boxes around the Fermi level indicate ΦB,n and ΦB,p, respectively.
图 8 化学掺杂效应 (a) X-GaN/1T-VSe2异质结的原子结构正视图和侧视图; (b) X-GaN的能带结构; (c) X-GaN /1T-VSe2异质结的能带结构, 其中黑色表示1T-VSe2层的贡献, 橙色表示X-GaN层的贡献, 上下两个方框分别表示ΦB,n和ΦB,p
Fig. 8. Chemical doping effects: (a) Top and side views of atomic structure for X-GaN/1T-VSe2 heterostructure; (b) energy band structure of X-GaN; (c) the energy band structure of the X-GaN/1T-VSe2 heterostructure, where black represents the contribution of 1T-VSe2 layer, orange denotes the contribution of GaN layer, and the upper and lower two boxes around the Fermi level indicate ΦB,n and ΦB,p, respectively.
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