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Conventional beamforming (CBF) is an important processing step in underwater array signal processing. Previous researches have shown that the sound field structure as manifested by amplitude nonhomogeneity and wave-front corrugation can reduce the array gain of CBF. The acoustic environment of the continental shelf slope area is very complex. For an underwater acoustic array in this area, the amplitude and phase of the received signals will be distortional seriously. Recently, the acoustic field correlation has been the focus of research on the array gain relations with the underwater acoustic filed. However, the attenuation of acoustic field correlation is not the only factor that induces the array gain to decline, and the analyses of the array gain in the shallow water based on normal-mode model are not applicable to the continental slope area. In this paper, the array gain relations with the structure of acoustic field in continental slop area are investigated based on the theory of underwater acoustic signal propagation. The effects of acoustic field on the signal and noise gains are considered respectively. The analytic expressions of the array gain of CBF in an isotropic noise field are derived from the primal definition of array gain, which indicates that acoustic field correlation and transmission loss in continental slope are the intrinsic factors that affect the array gain of CBF. A horizontal uniform linear array (ULA) with a wide aperture receiving signals from a source in the deep water region is considered in the upslope propagation condition. The RAM program is utilized in the numerical simulations to generate the sound field of this specific environment with given parameters. The array gains, the ATLs and the horizontal longitudinal correlation coefficients of the acoustic field corresponding to three different locations are compared. Conclusions can be drawn as follows. 1) The array gain of CBF is determined by acoustic field correlation and the acoustic average transmission loss (ATL), and its maximum is less than 10lg M as the signal waveform distortion. 2) when the ATLs corresponding to hydrophones at two different receiving locations are similar, the correlation of acoustic filed is higher, and the array gain of CBF is larger. 3) When the ATLs corresponding to hydrophones at two different receiving locations are greatly different, the relation between the array gain of CBF and the acoustic filed correlation is no longer positive. The simulation results verify the array gain of CBF relations with the acoustic filed correlation and the transmission loss in the continental slope area.
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Keywords:
- array gain /
- acoustic field correlation /
- transmission loss /
- continental slope
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[2] van Trees H L 2002 Optimum Array Processing: Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory (New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc) p63
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[12] Neubert J A 1981 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70 1098
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[14] Song J 2005 Ph. D. Dissertation (Changsha: National University of Defense Technology) (in Chinese) [宋俊 2005 博士学位论文(长沙: 国防科技大学)]
[15] Carey W M 1998 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104 831
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[17] Collins M D 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 1736
[18] Wang J, Ma R L, Wang L, Meng J M 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 064701 (in Chinese) [王晶, 马瑞玲, 王龙, 孟俊敏 2012 61 064701]
[19] Yang C M, Luo W Y, Zhang R H, Qin J X 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 094302 (in Chinese) [杨春梅, 骆文于, 张仁和, 秦继兴 2013 62 094302]
[20] Jensen F B, Kuperman W A 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67 1564
[21] Pierce A D 1982 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72 523
[22] Dosso S E, Chapman N R 1987 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81 258
[23] Wang L J 2011 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese) [王鲁军2011 博士学位论文(北京: 中国科学院大学)]
[24] Cron B F, Sherman C H 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 1732
[25] Hu Z G, Li Z L, Zhang R H, Ren Y, Qin J X, He L 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 014303 (in Chinese) [胡治国, 李整林, 张仁和, 任云, 秦继兴, 何利 2016 65 014303]
[26] Su X X, Zhang R H, Li F H 2006 Acta Acustica 4 305 (in Chinese) [苏晓星, 张仁和, 李风华 2006 声学学报 4 305]
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[1] Urick R J 1983 Principles of Underwater Sound (Westport: Peninsula Publishing) p33
[2] van Trees H L 2002 Optimum Array Processing: Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory (New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc) p63
[3] Bourret R C 1961 J. Acoust. Soc. Am 33 1793
[4] Berman H G, Berman A 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am 34 555
[5] Brown J L 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am 34 1927
[6] Kleinberg L I 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67 572
[7] Cox H 1973 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54 1743
[8] Green M C 1976 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60 129
[9] Buckingham M J 1979 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65 148
[10] Jensen F B, Kuperman W A, Portor M B, Schmidt H 2000 Computational Ocean Acoustics (New York: AIP Press/Springer) p258
[11] Hamson R M 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68 156
[12] Neubert J A 1981 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70 1098
[13] Liu Q Y, Song J Zhao C M 2010 Acoustics and Electronics 2 8 (in Chinese) [刘清宇, 宋俊, 赵春梅 2010 声学与电子工程 2 8]
[14] Song J 2005 Ph. D. Dissertation (Changsha: National University of Defense Technology) (in Chinese) [宋俊 2005 博士学位论文(长沙: 国防科技大学)]
[15] Carey W M 1998 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104 831
[16] Yu H 1991 Ship Science and Technology 6 1 (in Chinese) [于瀚 1991 舰船科学技术 6 1]
[17] Collins M D 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 1736
[18] Wang J, Ma R L, Wang L, Meng J M 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 064701 (in Chinese) [王晶, 马瑞玲, 王龙, 孟俊敏 2012 61 064701]
[19] Yang C M, Luo W Y, Zhang R H, Qin J X 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 094302 (in Chinese) [杨春梅, 骆文于, 张仁和, 秦继兴 2013 62 094302]
[20] Jensen F B, Kuperman W A 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67 1564
[21] Pierce A D 1982 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72 523
[22] Dosso S E, Chapman N R 1987 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81 258
[23] Wang L J 2011 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese) [王鲁军2011 博士学位论文(北京: 中国科学院大学)]
[24] Cron B F, Sherman C H 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 1732
[25] Hu Z G, Li Z L, Zhang R H, Ren Y, Qin J X, He L 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 014303 (in Chinese) [胡治国, 李整林, 张仁和, 任云, 秦继兴, 何利 2016 65 014303]
[26] Su X X, Zhang R H, Li F H 2006 Acta Acustica 4 305 (in Chinese) [苏晓星, 张仁和, 李风华 2006 声学学报 4 305]
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