Near-field and far-field scanning terahertz spectroscopy based on photoconductive microprobe

Xu Yue-Hong; Zhang Xue-Qian; Wang Qiu; Tian Zhen; Gu Jian-Qiang; Ouyang Chun-Mei; Lu Xin-Chao; Zhang Wen-Tao; Han Jia-Guang; Zhang Wei-Li

doi:10.7498/aps.65.036803

Abstract

Recently, terahertz radiation has been a branch of cutting-edge science and technology involving many fields such as public security, military defense and national economy. In the past, far-field measurements were widely carried out based on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. But the spatial resolution is limited by far-field diffraction effect. In order to break diffraction limit and gain sub-wavelength spatial resolution in terahertz frequency region, a series of near-field detection methods came into being, such as confocal microscopy, using an aperture, guided mode, scattering, direct detection in the near-field, etc. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Using the photoconductive-antenna tip is one of the direct detection methods and it delivers the possibility of near-field measurements of terahertz waves. In this method, the photoconductive-antenna tip is a tapered photoconductive tip probe. So it can be close enough to the sample surface and receive the near-field signal on the basis of principle of photoconductivity. In this way, high spatial resolution can be gained. In this article, we introduce our recent progress of near-field and far- field scanning terahertz spectroscopy system with photoconductive-antenna in detail. Firstly, we analyze and summarize the near-field detection methods that have been developed in these years. And then, using the femtosecond laser whose center wavelength is 800 nm and the photoconductive-antenna tip detector coupled with fiber, we construct fiber near-field/ far-field scanning terahertz spectroscopy (N/F-STS). The frequency bandwidth is in a range from 0.2 THz to 1.5 THz and the terahertz spot is circular and uniform indicated by performance test. Also the amplitude and phase of the terahertz field are recorded simultaneously. It has the ability to perform three-dimension scan in various experiment conditions conveniently. Finally, we introduce the real applications in our laboratory. N/F-STS can be used to scan spatial electric distribution in three dimensions and test the spectral properties in terahertz range like other traditional far-field methods. Nevertheless, the most importantly, N/F-STS is used to scan the terahertz near-field of samples, such as terahertz surface plasmon polaritons, etc. The presented method thus is useful in some application areas, such as metamaterials, graphene, surface plasmons, waveguide transmission, near-field imaging, biological test, and chip inspection.

Keywords:

terahertz near field /
scanning

Authors and contacts

1.
The Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Center for Terahertz Waves, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
2.
Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
3.
Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing of Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541000, China

Corresponding author: Han Jia-Guang, jiaghan@tju.edu.cn;weili.zhang@okstate.edu ; Zhang Wei-Li, jiaghan@tju.edu.cn;weili.zhang@okstate.edu

Funds: Project supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2014CB339800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61427814, 61138001, 61205098, 61422509), the Scientific Research and Technology Development Projects of Guangxi, China(Grant No. 1598017-1), the Special fund of Guangxi distinguished experts of China

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[44]	McIntosh A I, Yang B, Goldup S M, Watkinson M, Donnan R S 2013 Chem. Phys. Lett. 558 104
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[49]	Zhang W L 2008 Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 43 1
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[52]	Bitzer A, Wallauer J, Helm H, Merbold H, Feurer T, Walther M 2009 Opt. Express 17 22108
[53]	Wang K L, Mittleman D M 2004 Nature 432 376
[54]	Jeon T I, Grischkowsky D 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 061113
[55]	Chakkittakandy R, Corver J A W M, Planken P C M 2009 J. Pharm. Sci. 99 932
[56]	Bitzer A, Ortner A, Walther M 2010 Appl. Opt. 49 E1
[57]	Serita K, Murakami H, Kawayama I, Tonouchi M 2013 2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Paacific Rim Kyoto, June 30-July 4, 2013 p11

Cited By

[1]	Zhang X C, Xu J Z 2010 Introduction to THz Wave Photonics (New York: Springer) p149
[2]	Hunsche S, Koch M, Brener I, Nuss M C 1998 Opt. Commun. 150 22
[3]	Zinovev N, Andrianov A, Gallant A, Chamberlain J, Trukhin V 2008 Jetp. Lett. 88 492
[4]	Adam A J L, Brok J M, Seo M A, Ahn K J, Kim D S, Kang J H, Park Q H, Nagel M, Planken P C M 2008 Opt. Express 16 7407
[5]	Bitzer A, Ortner A, Merbold H, Feurer T, Walther M 2011 Opt. Express 19 2537
[6]	Mitrofanov O, Brener I, Harel R, Wynn J D, Pfeiffer L N, West K W, Federici J 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 3496
[7]	Macfaden A J, Reno J L, Brener I, Mitrofanov O 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 011110
[8]	Mueckstein R, Graham C, Renaud C C, Seeds A J, Harrington J A, Mitrofanov O 2011 J. Infrared. Millim. Te. 32 1031
[9]	Natrella M, Mitrofanov O, Mueckstein R, Graham C, Renaud C C, Seeds A J 2012 Opt. Express 20 16023
[10]	Misra M, Andrews S R, Maier S A 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 191109
[11]	Misra M, Pan Y, Williams C R, Maier S A, Andrews S R 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 193104
[12]	Chiu C M, Chen H W, Huang Y R, Hwang Y J, Lee W J, Huang H Y, Sun C K 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 1084
[13]	Ishihara K, Ohashi K, Ikari T, Minamide H, Yokoyama H, Shikata J, Ito H 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 201120
[14]	Bethe H A 1944 Phy. Rev. 66 163
[15]	Mendis R, Grischkowsky D 2001 Opt. Lett. 26 846
[16]	Liu J B, Mendis R, Sakoda N, Mittleman D 2011 Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), 2011 36th International Conference on Houston, TX, October 2-7, 2011 p1-2
[17]	Liu J B, Mendis R, Mittleman D, Sakoda N 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 031101
[18]	Awad M, Nagel M, Kurz H 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 051107
[19]	Adam R, Chusseau L, Grosjean T, Penarier A, Guillet J P, Charraut D 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 106 073107
[20]	Klein N, Lahl P, Poppe U, Kadlec F, Kuzel P 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 98 014910
[21]	Knab J R, Adam A J L, Chakkittakandy R, Planken P C M 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 031115
[22]	Chen Q, Zhang X C 2001 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 7 608
[23]	Gompf B, Gebert N, Heer H, Dressel M 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 082104
[24]	Chen Q, Jiang Z P, Xu G X, Zhang X C 2000 Opt. Lett. 25 1122
[25]	van der Valk N C J, Planken P C M 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 1558
[26]	Planken P C M, van der Valk N C J 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 2306
[27]	Chen H T, Kersting R, Cho G C 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 3009
[28]	Yuan T, Park H, Xu J Z, Han H, Zhang X C 2005 Ultrafast Phenomena XIV (Berlin Heidelberg: Springer) p759
[29]	L L, Sun J D, Roger A L, Sun Y F, Wu D M, Cai Y, Qin H 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 028504
[30]	Lee J K, Plank P C M, Adam A J L 2007 Opt. Express 15 11781
[31]	Zhang Y, Wang X, Cui Y, Sun W 2009 Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), 2009 34th International Conference on Busan September. 21-25, 2009 p1-2
[32]	Yang Y P, Shi Y L, Yan W, Xu X L, Ma SH, Wang L 2005 Acta Phys. Sin. 54 4079 (in Chinese) [杨玉平, 施宇蕾, 严伟, 徐新龙, 马士华, 汪力 2009 54 4079]
[33]	Wachter M, Nagel M, Kurz H 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 041112
[34]	Nagel M, Safiei A, Sawallich S, Matheisen C, Pletzer T M, Mewe A A, Van der Borg N J C M, Cesar I, Kurz H 2013 28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition Paris, October 1, 2013 p856
[35]	Bhattacharya A, Georgiou G, Sawallich S, Matheisen C, Nagel M, Gomez Rivas J 2014 Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz), 2014 39th International Conference on Tucson, AZ, September 14-19, 2014, p1
[36]	Nagel M, Michalski A, Kurz H 2011 Opt. Express 19 12509
[37]	Gallagher W J, Chi C C, Duling I N, Grischkowsky D, Halas N J, Ketchen M B, Kleinsasser A W 1987 Appl. Phys. Lett. 50 350
[38]	Grischkowsky D, Sren K, Martin V E, Fattinger C 1990 JOSA B 7 2006
[39]	Crooker S A 2002 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73 3258
[40]	Ellrich F, Weinland T, Molter D, Jonuscheit J, Beigang R 2011 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82 053102
[41]	Yang Y P, Shi Y L, Yan W, Xu X L, Ma H S, Wang L 2005 Acta Phys. Sin. 54 4079 (in Chinese) [胡明列, 宋有建, 刘博文, 方晓惠, 张弛, 刘华刚, 刘丰, 王昌雷, 柴路, 邢岐荣, 王清月 2005 54 4079]
[42]	Xu Y H, Zhang X Q, Tian Z, Gu J Q, Ouyang C M, Li Y F, Han J G, Zhang W L 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 021105
[43]	Wang Q, Zhang X Q, Xu Y H, Tian Z, Gu J Q, Yue W S, Zhang S, Han J G, Zhang W L 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 779
[44]	McIntosh A I, Yang B, Goldup S M, Watkinson M, Donnan R S 2013 Chem. Phys. Lett. 558 104
[45]	Wachter M, Nagel M, Kurz H 2009 Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), 2009 34th International Conference on Busan September 21-25, 2009 p1-2
[46]	Liu L X, Zhang X Q, Kenney M, Su X Q, Xu N N, OUyang C M, Shi Y L, Han J G, Zhang W L, Zhang S 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 5031
[47]	Imafuji O, Singh B P, Hirose Y, Fukushima Y, Takigawa S 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 071112
[48]	Zhang W L, Azad A K, Han J G, Xu J Z, Chen J, Zhang X C 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 183901
[49]	Zhang W L 2008 Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 43 1
[50]	Lin J, Mueller J P B, Wang Q, Yuan G H, Antoniou N, Yuan X C, Capasso F 2013 Science 340 331
[51]	Bitzer A, Merbold H, Thoman A, Feurer T, Helm H, Walther M 2009 Opt. Express 17 3826
[52]	Bitzer A, Wallauer J, Helm H, Merbold H, Feurer T, Walther M 2009 Opt. Express 17 22108
[53]	Wang K L, Mittleman D M 2004 Nature 432 376
[54]	Jeon T I, Grischkowsky D 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 061113
[55]	Chakkittakandy R, Corver J A W M, Planken P C M 2009 J. Pharm. Sci. 99 932
[56]	Bitzer A, Ortner A, Walther M 2010 Appl. Opt. 49 E1
[57]	Serita K, Murakami H, Kawayama I, Tonouchi M 2013 2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Paacific Rim Kyoto, June 30-July 4, 2013 p11

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