Quantum precision measurement based on squeezed light

Sun Heng-Xin; Liu Kui; Zhang Jun-Xiang; Gao Jiang-Rui

doi:10.7498/aps.64.234210

Abstract

According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the precision of any physical quantity measurement is limited by quantum fluctuation in general, which leads to the so-called standard quantum limit (SQL). The SQL can be beaten by using squeezed light, hence enhancing the measurement accuracy. Squeezed light is a typical nonclassical light, it exhibits reduced noise in one quadrature component. Since Caves proposed the scheme of phase measurement enhancement with squeezing, squeezed light has been used to enhance measurement precision in many areas. This review focuses on the following four kinds of precision measurements based on squeezed light: the measurements of relative phase, small lateral displacement and tilt, magnetic field, and clock synchronization. For all of these measurements, vacuum squeezing has been used to enhance measurement precision, while the types of squeezing (squeezing angle, transverse mode, polarization etc.) are different. For phase measurement, quadrature squeezing is injected into the conventionally unused input port of Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) or Michelson interferometer (MI). For displacement or tilt measurement, a vacuum squeezing beam of a special transverse mode is coupled into an intense coherent beam, yielding a spatial-squeezed light whose transverse position or tilt angle noise is lower than that of a classical light beam. Based on the Faraday effect of polarization rotation, the magnetic field can be detected precisely. The precision can be increased further by using the polarization squeezing. The polarization squeezing can be generated by coupling two orthogonal polarized beams together, a coherent beam and a vacuum squeezed beam. Various polarization squeezing can be illustrated on the Poincaré sphere. Finally, in the clock synchronization based on the optical frequency comb, squeezed light can be used to enhance the time measurement precision. A theoretical scheme with multimode squeezing of supermode (a kind of mode describing the frequency mode of a pulse laser beam) is introduced. The squeezing has extensively been applied into the quantum precision measurements such as gravitational wave detection as well as biological measurement and will play a more important role in the near future.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

Corresponding author: Gao Jiang-Rui, jrgao@sxu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2010CB923102), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61121064, 11274212, 61405108).

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Cited By

[1]	Caves C 1981 Phys. Rev. D 23 1693
[2]	Xiao M, Wu L A, Kimble H 1987 Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 278
[3]	Goda K, Miyakawa O, Mikhailov E E, Saraf S, Adhikari R, McKenzie K, Ward R, Vass S, Weinstein A J, Mavalvala N 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 472
[4]	The LIGO Scientific Collaboration 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 962
[5]	Dwyer S, Barsotti L, Chua S S Y, Evans M, Factourovich M, Gustafson D, Isogai T, Kawabe K, Khalaidovski A, Lam P K, Landry M, Mavalvala N, Mcclelland D E, Meadors G D, Schnabel R, Schofield R M S, Stefszky M, Vorvick C, Sigg D 2013 Opt. Express 21 19047
[6]	The LIGO Scientific Collaboration 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 613
[7]	Grangier P, Slusher R, Yurke B, LaPorta A 1987 Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 2153
[8]	Boto A, Kok P, Abrams D, Braunstein S, Williams C, Dowling J 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2733
[9]	Rarity J, Tapster P, Jakeman E, Larchuk T, Campos R, Teich M, Saleh B 1990 Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 1348
[10]	Kuzmich A, Mandel L 1999 Quantum Semiclassical Opt. J. Eur. Opt. Soc. Part B 10 493
[11]	Nagata T, Okamoto R, O'brien J L, Sasaki K, Takeuchi S 2007 Science 316 726
[12]	Ou Z Y 1997 Phys. Rev. A 55 2598
[13]	D'Ariano G, Sacchi M 1995 Phys. Rev. A 52 R4309
[14]	Steuernagel O, Scheel S 2004 J. Opt. B Quantum Semiclassical Opt. 6 S66
[15]	Holland M, Burnett K 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 1355
[16]	Higgins B L, Berry D W, Bartlett S D, Wiseman H M, Pryde G J 2007 Nature 450 393
[17]	Yurke B, McCall S, Klauder J 1986 Phys. Rev. A 33 4033
[18]	Jing J, Liu C, Zhou Z, Ou Z Y, Zhang W 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 011110
[19]	Ou Z Y 2012 Phys. Rev. A 85 023815
[20]	Kong J, Ou Z Y, Zhang W 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 023825
[21]	Li D, Yuan C H, Ou Z Y, Zhang W 2014 New J. Phys. 16 073020
[22]	Hudelist F, Kong J, Liu C, Jing J, Ou Z Y, Zhang W 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3049
[23]	Beltrán J, Luis A 2005 Phys. Rev. A 72 045801
[24]	Luis A 2004 Phys. Lett. Sect. A Gen. At. Solid State Phys. 329 8
[25]	Boixo S, Flammia S T, Caves C M, Geremia J M 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 090401
[26]	Napolitano M, Koschorreck M, Dubost B, Behbood N, Sewell R J, Mitchell M W 2011 Nature 471 486
[27]	Yuan C H, Zhang K Y, Zhang W P 2014 Sci. Sin. Informationis 44 345 (in Chinese) [袁春华, 张可烨, 张卫平 2014 中国科学: 信息科学 44 345]
[28]	Zwierz M, Pérez-Delgado C A, Kok P 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 180402
[29]	Zwierz M, Pérez-Delgado C A, Kok P 2012 Phys. Rev. A 85 042112
[30]	Kimble H, Dagenais M, Mandel L 1977 Phys. Rev. Lett. 39 691
[31]	Zou H, Zhai S, Guo J, Yang R, Gao J 2006 Opt. Lett. 31 1735
[32]	Slusher R, Hollberg L, Yurke B, Mertz J, Valley J 1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 2409
[33]	Wu L-A, Kimble H, Hall J, Wu H 1986 Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 2520
[34]	Gao J, Cui F, Xue C, Xie C, Kunchi P 1998 Opt. Lett. 23 870
[35]	Vahlbruch H, Mehmet M, Chelkowski S, Hage B, Franzen A, Lastzka N, Goßler S, Danzmann K, Schnabel R 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 033602
[36]	Mehmet M, Vahlbruch H, Lastzka N, Danzmann K, Schnabel R 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 013814
[37]	Eberle T, Steinlechner S, Bauchrowitz J, Händchen V, Vahlbruch H, Mehmet M, Mller-Ebhardt H, Schnabel R 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 251102
[38]	Lassen M, Delaubert V, Harb C C, Lam P K, Treps N, Bachor H-A 2006 J. Eur. Opt. Soc. Rapid Publ. 1 6003
[39]	Treps N, Andersen U, Buchler B, Lam P, Maître A, Bachor H A, Fabre C 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 203601
[40]	Treps N, Grosse N, Bowen W P, Fabre C, Bachor H-A, Lam P K 2003 Science 301 940
[41]	Lassen M, Leuchs G, Andersen U 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 163602
[42]	Janousek J, Wagner K, Morizur J, Treps N, Lam P K, Harb C C, Bachor H 2009 Nat. Photonics 3 399
[43]	Chalopin B, Scazza F, Fabre C, Treps N 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 061804
[44]	Chalopin B, Scazza F, Fabre C, Treps N 2011 Opt. Express 19 4405
[45]	Pinel O, Jian P, de Araújo R, Feng J, Chalopin B, Fabre C, Treps N 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 083601
[46]	Roslund J, de Araújo R M, Jiang S, Fabre C, Treps N 2013 Nat. Photonics 8 109
[47]	Liu K, Cui S Z, Yang R G, Zhang J X, Gao J R 2012 Chin. Phys. Lett. 29 060304
[48]	Liu K, Guo J, Cai C, Guo S, Gao J 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 170501
[49]	Wolfgramm F, Cerè A, Beduini F A, Predojević A, Koschorreck M, Mitchell M W 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 053601
[50]	Horrom T, Singh R, Dowling J P, Mikhailov E E 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 023803
[51]	Otterstrom N, Pooser R C, Lawrie B J 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 6533
[52]	Liu H Y, Chen L, Liu L, Ming Y, Liu K, Zhang J X, Gao J R 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 164206 (in Chinese) [刘洪雨, 陈立, 刘灵, 明莹, 刘奎, 张俊香, 郜江瑞 2013 62 164206]
[53]	Fox A, Baumberg J, Dabbicco M, Huttner B, Ryan J 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 1728
[54]	Karr J P, Bass A, Houdré R, Giacobino E 2004 Phys. Rev. A 69 031802
[55]	Boulier T, Bamba M, Amo A, Adrados C, Lemaitre A, Galopin E, Sagnes I, Bloch J, Ciuti C, Giacobino E, Bramati A 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3260
[56]	Safavi-Naeini A H, Gröblacher S, Hill J T, Chan J, Aspelmeyer M, Painter O 2013 Nature 500 185
[57]	Purdy T P, Yu P L, Peterson R W, Kampel N S, Regal C A 2013 Phys. Rev. X 3 031012
[58]	Dirac P A M 1927 Proc. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 114 243
[59]	Bachor H A, Ralph T C 2004 A Guide to Experiments in Quantum Optics Optics (2nd Ed.) (Berlin: Wiley-VCH.) p113
[60]	Barnett S M, Fabre C, Maître A 2003 Eur. Phys. J. D 22 513
[61]	Scully M O, Zubairy M S 1997 Quantum Optics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) p130
[62]	Lang M D, Caves C M 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 173601
[63]	Bondurant R S, Shapiro J H 1984 Phys. Rev. D 30 2548
[64]	Pezzé L, Smerzi A 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 073601
[65]	Zhai Z, Gao J 2012 Opt. Express 20 18173
[66]	Yonezawa H, Nakane D, Wheatley T A, Iwasawa K, Takeda S, Arao H, Ohki K, Tsumura K, Berry D W, Ralph T C, Wiseman H M, Huntington E H, Furusawa A 2012 Science 337 1514
[67]	Xiang G Y, Higgins B L, Berry D W, Wiseman H M, Pryde G J 2010 Nat. Photonics 5 43
[68]	Iwasawa K, Makino K, Yonezawa H, Tsang M, Davidovic A, Huntington E, Furusawa A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 163602
[69]	Meyer G, Amer N M 1988 Appl. Phys. Lett. 53 1045
[70]	Putman C A J, De Grooth B G, Van Hulst N F, Greve J 1992 J. Appl. Phys. 72 6
[71]	Kolobov M 1999 Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 1539
[72]	Delaubert V, Treps N, Fabre C, Bachor H A, Réfrégier P 2008 EPL 81 44001
[73]	Lugiato L, Gatti A, Brambilla E 2002 J. Opt. B Quantum Semiclass. Opt 4 S176
[74]	Simmons R M, Finer J T, Chu S, Spudich J A 1996 Biophys. J. 70 1813
[75]	Gittes F, Schmidt C F 1998 Opt. Lett. 23 7
[76]	Grier D G 2003 Nature 424 810
[77]	Taylor M A, Janousek J, Daria V, Knittel J, Hage B, Bachor H, Bowen W P 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 229
[78]	Willke B 2005 in Proceedings of the IEEE Quantum Electronics, Laser Science Conference (QELS '05) Maryland, USA 22-27 May, 2005 pp773-775
[79]	Hsu M T L, Delaubert V, Lam P K, Bowen W P 2004 J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclassical Opt. 6 495
[80]	Delaubert V, Treps N, Lassen M, Harb C C, Fabre C, Lam P K, Bachor H A 2006 Phys. Rev. A 74 53823
[81]	Li R, Zhai Z H, Zhao S J, Gao J R 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 7724 (in Chinese) [李睿, 翟泽辉, 赵姝瑾, 郜江瑞 2010 59 7724]
[82]	Bowen W P, Treps N, Schnabel R, Lam P K 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 253601
[83]	Delaubert V, Treps N, Harb C C, Lam P K, Bachor H A 2006 Opt. Lett. 31 1537
[84]	Sun H X, Liu Z L, Liu K, Yang R G, Zhang J X, Gao J R 2014 Chin. Phys. Lett. 31 084202
[85]	Sun H, Liu K, Liu Z, Guo P, Zhang J, Gao J 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 121908
[86]	Korolkova N, Leuchs G, Loudon R, Ralph T C, Silberhorn C 2002 Phys. Rev. A 65 052306
[87]	Bowen W P, Schnabel R, Bachor H A, Lam P K 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 093601
[88]	Foreman S M 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Colorado: University of Colorado)
[89]	Ma L, Bi Z, Bartels A, Robertsson L, Zucco M, Windeler R S, Wilpers G, Oates C, Hollberg L, Diddams S A 2004 Science 303 1843
[90]	Udem T, Riehle F 2007 Riv. del Nuovo Cim. 30 563
[91]	Margolis H S 2010 Contemp. Phys. 51 37
[92]	Lamine B, Fabre C, Treps N 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 123601
[93]	Goda K, Mikhailov E E, Miyakawa O, Saraf S, Vass S, Weinstein A, Mavalvala N 2008 Opt. Lett. 33 92

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Vol. 64, Issue 23 - 2015-12-05

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