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The electron beam produced by an ultra-short, high-intensity laser pulse is of properties of small source size, short duration, and quasi-monoenergetic energy, and will play a unique role in radiographic diagnostics. By analyzing the scattering processes of electrons in materials and performing Monte-Carlo simulations, electron radiography for probing target surface non-uniformities or material interfaces is studied for electron energy ranging from 100 keV to several hundreds of MeV, and the results are compared with those of proton radiography and X-ray radiography, respectively. Features and parameter optimization of electron radiography are obtained, and some applications are suggested. By taking advantage of inelastic scattering or energy loss of charged particles, target surface nonuniformities could be diagnosed by a charged-particle beam whose range is close to the target thickness. Such a diagnosis would produce a higher detection contrast than that by absorption-type X-ray radiography. For a proton beam, a target thickness variation as small as 0.1% could be detected due to a more evident Bragg peak of the stopping power near its range. Nevertheless, the energy of laser-accelerated proton beams being up to 100 MeV would limit the applications. For an electron beam, since a thickness variation of 0.3% could be detected, its energy over 1 GeV has been realized by laser acceleration, the electron radiography could be extended to diagnose thicker targets. When using an electron beam to radiograph a thin or a foil target, for example, of thickness on the order of 100 μm, a spatial resolution of 11 μm or better could be achieved due to the reduced elastic scattering and angular deflection. By taking advantage of elastic scattering of electrons, an electron beam whose range is much greater than the target thickness could be used to diagnose a target interface composed of different materials or even a multilayered capsule, and a higher contrast of the electron fluence modulation at interfaces would be realized than that by absorption-type X-ray radiography, which is caused by stronger scattering of electrons as the electron scattering cross section is several orders of magnitude greater than that of X-ray scattering such as the Thomson scattering. As a laser-produced electron beam is prone to have an ultrafast pulse duration of 100’s of femtoseconds or less, it is anticipated that the electron radiography will produce an ultrasfast temporal resolution. These results and conclusions would be helpful to the applications and parameter optimization of electron radiography.
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Keywords:
- charged-particle beams /
- elastic and inelastic scattering /
- Monte-Carlo simulations /
- radiography
[1] Li C K, Seguin F H, Rygg J R, Frenje J A, Manuel M, Petrasso R D, Betti R, Delettrez J, Knauer J P, Marshall F, Meyerhofer D D, Shvarts D, Smalyuk V A, Stoeckl C, Landen O L, Town R P J, Back C A, Kilkenny J D 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 225001
[2] Rygg J R, Seguin F H, Li C K, Frenje J A, Manuel M J E, Petrasso R D, Betti R, Delettrez J A, Gotchev O V, Knauer J P, Meyerhofer D D, Marshall F J, Stoeckl C, Theobald W 2008 Science 319 1223
[3] Mackinnon A J, Patel P K, Town R P, Edwards M J, Phillips T, Lerner S C, Price D W, Hicks D, Key M H, Hatchett S, Wilks S C, Borghesi M, Romagnani L, Kar S, Toncian T, Pretzler G, Willi O, Koenig M, Martinolli E, Lepape S, Benuzzi-Mounaix A, Audebert P, Gauthier J C, King J, Snavely R, Freeman R R, Boehlly T 2004 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 3531
[4] Li C K, Seguin F H, Frenje J A, Rygg J R, Manuel M, Petrasso R D, Town R P J, Amendt P A, Hatchett S P, Landen O L, Mackinnon A J, Patel P K, Smalyuk V A, Sangster T C, Knauer J P 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 135003
[5] Sarri G, Cecchetti C A, Romagnani L, Brown C M, Hoarty D J, James S, Morton J, Dieckmann M E, Jung R, Willi O, Bulanov S V, Pegoraro F, Borghesi M 2010 New J. Phys. 12 045006
[6] Gao L, Nilson P M, Igumenschev I V, Hu S X, Davies J R, Stoeckl C, Haines M G, Froula D H, Betti R, Meyerhofer D D 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 115001
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[8] Xiao Y, Wang X F, Teng J, Chen X H, Chen Y, Hong W 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 234102 (in Chinese) [肖渊, 王晓方, 滕建, 陈晓虎, 陈媛, 洪伟 2012 61 234102]
[9] Ramanathan V, Banerjee S, Powers N, Cunningham N, Chandler-Smith N A, Zhao K, Brown K, Umstadter D, Clarke S, Pozzi S, Beene J, Vane C R, Schultz D 2010 Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 13 104701
[10] Snavely R A, Key M H, Hatchett S P, Cowan T E, Roth M, Phillips T W, Stoyer M A, Henry E A, Sangster T C, Singh M S, Wilks S C, MacKinnon A, Offenberger A, Pennington D M, Yasuike K, Langdon A B, Lasinski B F, Johnson J, Perry M D, Campbell E M 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2945
[11] Leemans W P, Nagler B, Gonsalves A J, Toth C, Nakamura K, Geddes C G R Esarey E, Schroeder C B, Hooker S M 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 696
[12] Schumaker W, Nakanii N, McGuffey C, Zulick C, Chyvkov V, Dollar F, Habara H, Kalintchenko G, Maksimchuk A, Tanaka K A, Thomas A G R, Yanovsky V, Krushelnick K 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 015003
[13] Lindl J D, Amendt P, Berger R L, Glendinning S G, Glenzer S H, Haan S W, Kauffman R L, Landen O L, Suter L J 2004 Phys. Plasmas 11 339
[14] Wang X L, Li C, Shao M, Chen H F 2009 The Technique of Particle Detection (Hefei: USTC Press) p23 (in Chinese) [汪晓莲, 李澄, 邵明, 陈宏芳 2009 粒子探测技术(合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社)第23页]
[15] Bethe H A 1953 Phys. Rev. 89 1256
[16] Andreo P, Medin J, Bielajew A F 1993 Med. Phys. 20 1315
[17] West D, Sherwood A C 1972 Nature 239 157
[18] Hurricane O A, Callahan D A, Casey D T, Celliers P M, Cerjan C, Dewald E L, Dittrich T R, Doppner T, Hinkel D E, Hopkins L F B, Kline J L, Le Pape S, Ma T, MacPhee A G, Milovich J L, Pak A, Park H -S, Patel P K, Remington B A, Salmonson J D, Springer P T Tommasini R 2014 Nature 506 343
[19] Zhang W Y, Ye W H, Wu J F, Miu W Y, Fan Z F, Wang L F, Gu J F, Dai Z S, Cao Z R, Xu X W, Yuan Y T, Kang D G, Li Y S, Yu X J, Liu C L, Xue C, Zheng W D, Wang M, Pei W B, Zhu S P, Jiang S E, Liu S Y, Ding Y K, He X T 2014 Sci. Sin.-Phys. Mech. Astron. 44 1 (in Chinese) [张维岩, 叶文华, 吴俊峰, 缪文勇, 范征锋, 王立锋, 谷建法, 戴振声, 曹柱荣, 徐小文, 袁永腾, 康洞国, 李永升, 郁晓瑾, 刘长礼, 薛创, 郑无敌, 王敏, 裴文兵, 朱少平, 江少恩, 刘慎业, 丁永坤, 贺贤土 2014 中国科学: 物理学 力学 天文学 44 1]
[20] Wang C, Fang Z H, Sun J R, Wang W, Xiong J, Ye J J, Fu S Z, Gu Y, Wang S J, Zheng W D, Ye W H, Qiao X M, Zhang G P 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 7770 (in Chinese) [王琛, 方智恒, 孙今人, 王伟, 熊俊, 叶君建, 傅思祖, 顾援, 王世绩, 郑无敌, 叶文华, 乔秀梅, 张国平 2008 57 7770]
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[1] Li C K, Seguin F H, Rygg J R, Frenje J A, Manuel M, Petrasso R D, Betti R, Delettrez J, Knauer J P, Marshall F, Meyerhofer D D, Shvarts D, Smalyuk V A, Stoeckl C, Landen O L, Town R P J, Back C A, Kilkenny J D 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 225001
[2] Rygg J R, Seguin F H, Li C K, Frenje J A, Manuel M J E, Petrasso R D, Betti R, Delettrez J A, Gotchev O V, Knauer J P, Meyerhofer D D, Marshall F J, Stoeckl C, Theobald W 2008 Science 319 1223
[3] Mackinnon A J, Patel P K, Town R P, Edwards M J, Phillips T, Lerner S C, Price D W, Hicks D, Key M H, Hatchett S, Wilks S C, Borghesi M, Romagnani L, Kar S, Toncian T, Pretzler G, Willi O, Koenig M, Martinolli E, Lepape S, Benuzzi-Mounaix A, Audebert P, Gauthier J C, King J, Snavely R, Freeman R R, Boehlly T 2004 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 3531
[4] Li C K, Seguin F H, Frenje J A, Rygg J R, Manuel M, Petrasso R D, Town R P J, Amendt P A, Hatchett S P, Landen O L, Mackinnon A J, Patel P K, Smalyuk V A, Sangster T C, Knauer J P 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 135003
[5] Sarri G, Cecchetti C A, Romagnani L, Brown C M, Hoarty D J, James S, Morton J, Dieckmann M E, Jung R, Willi O, Bulanov S V, Pegoraro F, Borghesi M 2010 New J. Phys. 12 045006
[6] Gao L, Nilson P M, Igumenschev I V, Hu S X, Davies J R, Stoeckl C, Haines M G, Froula D H, Betti R, Meyerhofer D D 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 115001
[7] Teng J, Hong W, Zhao Z Q, Wu S C, Qin X Z, He Y L, Gu Y Q, Ding Y K 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 1635 (in Chinese) [滕建, 洪伟, 赵宗清, 巫顺超, 秦孝尊, 何颖玲, 谷渝秋, 丁永坤 2009 58 1635]
[8] Xiao Y, Wang X F, Teng J, Chen X H, Chen Y, Hong W 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 234102 (in Chinese) [肖渊, 王晓方, 滕建, 陈晓虎, 陈媛, 洪伟 2012 61 234102]
[9] Ramanathan V, Banerjee S, Powers N, Cunningham N, Chandler-Smith N A, Zhao K, Brown K, Umstadter D, Clarke S, Pozzi S, Beene J, Vane C R, Schultz D 2010 Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 13 104701
[10] Snavely R A, Key M H, Hatchett S P, Cowan T E, Roth M, Phillips T W, Stoyer M A, Henry E A, Sangster T C, Singh M S, Wilks S C, MacKinnon A, Offenberger A, Pennington D M, Yasuike K, Langdon A B, Lasinski B F, Johnson J, Perry M D, Campbell E M 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2945
[11] Leemans W P, Nagler B, Gonsalves A J, Toth C, Nakamura K, Geddes C G R Esarey E, Schroeder C B, Hooker S M 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 696
[12] Schumaker W, Nakanii N, McGuffey C, Zulick C, Chyvkov V, Dollar F, Habara H, Kalintchenko G, Maksimchuk A, Tanaka K A, Thomas A G R, Yanovsky V, Krushelnick K 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 015003
[13] Lindl J D, Amendt P, Berger R L, Glendinning S G, Glenzer S H, Haan S W, Kauffman R L, Landen O L, Suter L J 2004 Phys. Plasmas 11 339
[14] Wang X L, Li C, Shao M, Chen H F 2009 The Technique of Particle Detection (Hefei: USTC Press) p23 (in Chinese) [汪晓莲, 李澄, 邵明, 陈宏芳 2009 粒子探测技术(合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社)第23页]
[15] Bethe H A 1953 Phys. Rev. 89 1256
[16] Andreo P, Medin J, Bielajew A F 1993 Med. Phys. 20 1315
[17] West D, Sherwood A C 1972 Nature 239 157
[18] Hurricane O A, Callahan D A, Casey D T, Celliers P M, Cerjan C, Dewald E L, Dittrich T R, Doppner T, Hinkel D E, Hopkins L F B, Kline J L, Le Pape S, Ma T, MacPhee A G, Milovich J L, Pak A, Park H -S, Patel P K, Remington B A, Salmonson J D, Springer P T Tommasini R 2014 Nature 506 343
[19] Zhang W Y, Ye W H, Wu J F, Miu W Y, Fan Z F, Wang L F, Gu J F, Dai Z S, Cao Z R, Xu X W, Yuan Y T, Kang D G, Li Y S, Yu X J, Liu C L, Xue C, Zheng W D, Wang M, Pei W B, Zhu S P, Jiang S E, Liu S Y, Ding Y K, He X T 2014 Sci. Sin.-Phys. Mech. Astron. 44 1 (in Chinese) [张维岩, 叶文华, 吴俊峰, 缪文勇, 范征锋, 王立锋, 谷建法, 戴振声, 曹柱荣, 徐小文, 袁永腾, 康洞国, 李永升, 郁晓瑾, 刘长礼, 薛创, 郑无敌, 王敏, 裴文兵, 朱少平, 江少恩, 刘慎业, 丁永坤, 贺贤土 2014 中国科学: 物理学 力学 天文学 44 1]
[20] Wang C, Fang Z H, Sun J R, Wang W, Xiong J, Ye J J, Fu S Z, Gu Y, Wang S J, Zheng W D, Ye W H, Qiao X M, Zhang G P 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 7770 (in Chinese) [王琛, 方智恒, 孙今人, 王伟, 熊俊, 叶君建, 傅思祖, 顾援, 王世绩, 郑无敌, 叶文华, 乔秀梅, 张国平 2008 57 7770]
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