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结构型雷达吸波材料不仅可以有效吸收雷达波, 还能同时承受载荷, 在雷达隐身领域具有重要应用. 基于超表面的结构型雷达吸波材料可以实现对雷达波近乎“完美”的吸收, 且具有结构轻薄的特点, 但其限制在于吸波带宽通常较窄. 针对该问题, 提出一种拓宽超表面吸波体工作带宽的新方法. 该方法利用可重构的思想, 通过在超表面中混合集成变容二极管和开关二极管, 将吸波频率的连续可调与离散搬移有机结合, 以此展宽吸波体的有效吸波带宽. 基于该方法, 设计了一款超宽带可调超表面吸波体, 并深入分析了其吸波机理, 通过开关二极管和变容二极管工作状态的调节与配合, 在4.57—8.51 GHz内实现了高效可调吸波. 实测结果验证了该吸波体的低雷达散射截面特性, 证实了设计方法的有效性. 所提出的宽带可调设计方法简单可行, 还可以拓展应用到其他类型的宽带微波器件设计.Structural radar absorber has important application in stealth field for its ability to effectively absorb incoming radar wave and to bear the load at the same time. Metasurface absorbers can achieve nearly-perfect absorption of radar wave, and have characteristics of light weight and thin structure, but their bandwidth are usually narrow. To solve this problem, a new method of broadening the bandwidth of metasurface absorber is proposed in this work. With varactor and PIN diode integrated in a hybrid manner, the continuous tunning and discrete switching are combined together to broaden the effective absorption bandwidth of the absorber. Using this method, an ultra-wideband tunable metasurface absorber is designed and the absorbing mechanism is analyzed in depth. By changing the bias voltages of PIN diodes and varactors, the absorbing frequency can be continuously tuned within a wide band from 4.57 GHz to 8.51 GHz. Measured results verify the low radar cross section characteristics of the absorber and the effectiveness of the design method. The proposed method is simple and feasible, and can be extended to other broadband structure design.
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图 1 方形无源超表面单元 (a) 结构俯视图; (b) 结构侧视图; (c) 等效电路模型
Fig. 1. Square-shaped passive metasurface absorber: (a) Top view; (b) side view; (c) equivalent circuit model.
图 2 频率可调超表面单元 (a) 结构图; (b) 等效电路模型
Fig. 2. Frequency tunable metasurface absorber: (a) Configuration; (b) equivalent circuit model.
图 3 超宽带可调超表面单元 (a) 结构图; (b) 开关导通及(c)断开时的等效电路模型
Fig. 3. Ultra-wideband active metasurface absorber (AMSA): (a) Configuration; (b), (c) equivalent circuit model of PIN diode at ON state (b) and OFF state (c).
图 4 宽带可调吸波示意图 (a) 分段可调吸波; (b) 超宽带可调吸波
Fig. 4. Design concept of the ultra-wideband tunability: (a) Separate tunable absorbing band; (b) ultra-wideband tunable absorbing band.
图 6 开关二极管不同工作状态下吸波率随变容管容值的变化 (a) 垂直入射; (b) 斜入射
Fig. 6. Simulated absorptivity vs. varactor capacitance values for different diode states: (a) Under normal incidence; (b) under oblique incidence.
图 7 吸波体性能随介质基板厚度的变化(PIN导通, C = 0.71 pF, tanδ = 0.02) (a) 吸波率; (b) 表面阻抗实部; (c) 表面阻抗虚部
Fig. 7. Simulated performance of the proposed ultra-wideband AMSA with different substrate thicknesses (PIN diode at ON state, C = 0.71 pF, tanδ = 0.02): (a) Absorptivity; (b) real part of surface impedance; (c) imaginary part of surface impedance.
图 8 吸波体性能随介质基板损耗角正切的变化(PIN导通, C = 0.71 pF, h = 0.5 mm) (a) 吸波率; (b) 吸波峰值处的体功率损耗密度
Fig. 8. Simulated performance of the proposed ultra-wideband AMSA with different substrate losses (PIN diode at ON state, C = 0.71 pF, h = 0.5 mm): (a) Absorptivity; (b) volume loss density at absorption peak.
图 9 宽带可调超表面吸波体实物及测试装置 (a) 10 × 10阵面照片; (b) 单元结构放大图; (c)直流馈电电路示意图; (d) 测试装置
Fig. 9. Fabricated ultra-wideband AMSA and the measurement setup: (a) Photo of 10 × 10 sample; (b) magnified picture of the unit cell; (c) schematic diagram of the biasing circuit; (d) measurement setup.
图 10 仿真与实测的单站RCS减缩曲线(实线, 仿真结果; 虚线, 实测结果)
Fig. 10. Simulated and measured monostatic RCS reduction. Solid lines, simulated results; dashed lines, measured results.
表 1 超宽带可调超表面吸波体仿真与实测性能
Table 1. Simulated and measured performance of ultra wideband adjustable surface absorber.
偏置电压/V C/
pF吸波峰值
频率/GHzRCS减缩峰值
频率/GHzVd Vc 仿真 仿真 实测 0.95 0.5 17.41 4.57 4.50 4.48 9.0 1.45 5.45 5.47 5.52 30.0 0.71 6.05 6.03 6.16 0 0.5 10.23 5.85 5.90 5.82 9.0 1.45 7.31 7.26 7.10 30.0 0.71 8.51 8.46 8.34 
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[1] Li T, Yang H, Li Q, Zhang C, Han J, Cong L, Cao X, Gao J 2019 Opt. Mater. Express 9 1161
Google Scholar
[2] Yang H, Li T, Xu L, Cao X, Jidi L, Guo Z, Li P, Gao J 2021 IEEE T. Antenn. Propag. 69 1239
Google Scholar
[3] Li T, Yang H, Li Q, Zhu X, Cao X, Gao J, Wu Z 2019 IET Microw. Antenna. P. 13 185
Google Scholar
[4] 崔铁军, 吴浩天, 刘硕 2020 69 158101
Google Scholar
Cui T J, Wu H T, Liu S 2020 Acta Phys. Sin 69 158101
Google Scholar
[5] Cui T J, Qi M Q, Wan X, Zhao J, Cheng Q 2014 Light Sci. Appl. 3 e218
Google Scholar
[6] Jia Y, Liu Y, Guo Y J, Li K, Gong S X 2015 IEEE T. Antenn. Propag. 64 179
Google Scholar
[7] Liu T, Cao X, Gao J, Zheng Q, Li W, Yang H 2013 IEEE T. Antenn. Propag. 61 1479
Google Scholar
[8] Liu Y, Zhao X 2014 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. 13 1473
Google Scholar
[9] Ren J, Gong S, Jiang W 2018 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. PP 17 102
Google Scholar
[10] Landy N, Sajuyigbe S, Mock J J, Smith D R, Padilla W J 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 207402
Google Scholar
[11] Shen X P, Cui T J, Zhao J M, Ma H F, Jiang W X, Li H 2011 Opt. Express 19 9401
Google Scholar
[12] Mei P, Zhang S, Lin X Q, Pedersen G F 2019 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. PP 18 521
Google Scholar
[13] Zhang H B, Zhou P H, Lu H P, Xu Y Q, Liang D F, Deng L J 2012 IEEE T. Antenn. Propag. 61 976
Google Scholar
[14] Costa F, Monorchio A, Manara G 2010 IEEE T. Antenn. Propag. 58 1551
Google Scholar
[15] Lim D, Lim S 2019 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. PP 18 1887
Google Scholar
[16] 杨欢欢, 曹祥玉, 高军, 刘涛, 李思佳, 赵一, 袁子东 2013 62 214101
Google Scholar
Yang H H, Cao X Y, Gao J, Liu T, Li S J, Zhao Y, Yuan Z D, Zhang H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin 62 214101
Google Scholar
[17] Lu X, Chen J, Peng Z, Wu Z, Anxue Z 2019 Cross Strait Quad-Regional Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference (CSQRWC) Taiyuan, China, July 18–21, 2019 p1
[18] Panwar R, Puthucheri S, Agarwala V, Singh D 2015 IEEE T. Microw. Theory Techn. 63 2438
Google Scholar
[19] Zhao B, Huang C, Yang J, Song J, Guan C, Luo X 2020 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. PP 19 982
Google Scholar
[20] Ghosh S K, Yadav V S, Das S, Bhattacharyya S 2020 IEEE T. Electromagn. C. 62 346
Google Scholar
[21] Shang Y, Shen Z, Xiao S 2013 IEEE T. Antenn. Propag. 61 6022
Google Scholar
[22] Zhang B, Jin C, Shen Z 2020 IEEE T. Microw. Theory Techn. 68 835
Google Scholar
[23] Han Y, Che W 2017 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. PP 16 74
Google Scholar
[24] Chen J, Hu Z, Wang G, Huang X, Wang S, Hu X, Liu M 2015 IEEE T. Antenn. Propag. 63 4367
Google Scholar
[25] 杨欢欢, 曹祥玉, 高军, 李桐, 李思佳, 丛丽丽, 赵霞 2021 雷达学报 10 206
Google Scholar
Ynag H H, Cao X Y, Gao J, Li T, Li S J, Cong L L, Zhao X 2021 J. Radars 10 206
Google Scholar
[26] Hu N, Zhang J, Zha S, Liu C, Liu H, Liu P 2019 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. PP 18 373
Google Scholar
[27] Kim S, Li A, Lee J, Sievenpiper D F 2021 IEEE T. Antenn. Propag. 69 2759
Google Scholar
[28] Li A, Kim S, Luo Y, Li Y, Long J, Sievenpiper D F 2017 IEEE T. Microw. Theory Techn. 65 2810
Google Scholar
[29] Zhang Y, Cao Z, Huang Z, Miao L, Bie S, Jiang J 2021 IEEE T. Antenn. Propag. 69 1204
Google Scholar
[30] Costa F, Monorchio A, Vastante G P 2011 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. PP 10 11
Google Scholar
[31] Xu W, Sonkusale S 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 031902
Google Scholar
[32] Yuan H, Li H, Fang X, Wang Y, Cao Q 2021 IEEE Antenn. Wirel. PR 63 11
Google Scholar
[33] Xu W H, He Y, Kong P, Li J L, Xu H B, Miao L, Bie S W, Jiang J J 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 184903
Google Scholar
[34] Raad H R, Abbosh A I, Al-Rizzo H M, Rucker D G 2013 IEEE T. Antenn. Propag. 61 524
Google Scholar
[35] Yang H, Cao X, Yang F, Gao J, Xu S, Li M, Chen X, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Li S 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 35692
Google Scholar
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