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在当今社会, 噪声污染已经成为人类健康的一大威胁, 如何有效地控制和消除噪声污染一直是科研领域的一个重要话题. 本文以开口环嵌套结构为模型, 设计并制备了一种声学超材料. 通过理论分析、数值模拟和实验测试, 发现由于模型内部空腔的强烈耦合共振效应, 该超材料可以在低频区域实现接近完美的吸声效应. 此外, 通过简单地绕轴旋转其内腔开口方向, 即可改变该超材料的相对阻抗值, 进而在较宽的频带范围内实现对吸收峰位置的可调控制. 由于该超材料具有深亚波长的尺寸, 因此非常有利于低频吸声器件的小型化和集成化, 同时该模型也为宽带吸收器的设计奠定了基础.Low frequency noise is always an important factor affecting people’s quality of life. At present, the most widely used sound absorbing materials include polyurethane foam, trimeric amine, mineral cotton, textiles, cotton and special sound insulation materials. However, the sizes of these materials are generally large, and the sound absorption efficiencies are often low, especially in a low frequency range (below 2000 Hz). Acoustic metamaterial is a kind of artificial composite material, which is constructed by microunits whose dimensions are much smaller than the working wavelength. The results show that if the strong coupling condition between the resonant scatter and the waveguide is satisfied, the sound energy flowing through the metamaterial will be completely offset by the internal loss of the resonant scatter. Therefore, it is believed that this kind of acoustic metamaterial can solve the absorption problem of low-frequency sound waves. In order to solve this problem, researchers have conducted a lot of exploratory researches. However, most of the structural units that are constructed with acoustic metamaterials are passive, that is, once the material is processed and shaped, its properties are fixed and cannot be changed. This defect greatly limits the development of acoustical metamaterials, so it is urgent to study acoustical metamaterials whose material properties and the working frequency bands are flexibly adjustable. Although tunable acoustic metamaterials have been studied, few people have extended this research to the field of low-frequency tunable sound absorption. In our previous work, we systematically studied the acoustic properties of two kinds of acoustic artificial " meta-atoms”, namely, open hollow sphere model with negative equivalent elastic modulus and hollow tube model with negative equivalent mass density. The research shows that these two kinds of " meta-atoms” both have obvious sound absorption effect. According to our previous studies, in this paper we couple these two kinds of " meta-atoms” into a whole, and design a new nested model of open loop. The model has the advantages of simple structure and easy preparation. Through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental testing, it is found that the strong coupling resonance effects between these " meta-atoms” can be excited by the low frequency incident acoustic wave in the nested structure, thus achieving nearly perfect sound energy absorption. In addition, the relative impedance of the metamaterial can be changed by simply rotating the inner splitting ring around the axis, therefore the position of the absorption peak can be freely controlled in a wide frequency band. Because of its deep sub-wavelength size, the metamaterial is very useful for miniaturizing and integrating the low-frequency acoustic absorption devices. What is more, this model also lays a foundation for designing the broadband absorbers.
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Keywords:
- tunable /
- acoustic metamaterial /
- low frequency /
- absorber
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图 1 可调声学超材料的模型设计 (a), (b)二维SHS的结构示意图和等效电路图; (c), (d)二维HT的结构示意图和等效电路图; (e), (f)SHS和HT耦合后的结构示意图和等效电路图; (g)进一步变形优化得到的可调声学超材料模型的结构示意图
Fig. 1. Model design of the acoustic metamaterial: (a), (b) Schematic diagram and equivalent circuit diagram of the two-dimensional SHS; (c), (d) schematic diagram and equivalent circuit diagram of the two-dimensional HT; (e), (f) schematic diagram and equivalent circuit diagram of the coupled structure of SHS and HT; (g) schematic diagram of the tunable acoustic metamaterial obtained by the deformation and optimization of the coupled structure.
图 2 仿真得到的可调声学超材料的吸收性能对比 (a)不同内腔旋转角度下的吸收系数随频率的变化; (b)不同内腔旋转角度下的相对阻抗实部与虚部随频率的变化; (c)理论和仿真得到的共振频率随内腔旋转角度的变化关系
Fig. 2. Simulated comparison of the absorption performance of tunable acoustic metamaterial: (a) Absorption coefficient for different rotation angles of the inner split ring as a function of frequency; (b) real parts and imaginary parts of the relative impedance for different rotation angles of the inner split ring as a function of frequency; (c) comparison of the theoretical and simulated resonant frequency as a function of rotation angle.
图 3 不同频率下的声能量和空气介质局域速度分布图对比 (a), (b) 500 Hz处的声能量和空气局域速度图; (c), (d) 1000 Hz处的声能量和空气局域速度图; (e), (f) 1600 Hz处的声能量和空气局域速度图
Fig. 3. Comparison of the sound energy and local speed distributions at different frequencies: (a), (b) Sound energy and local speed fields at 500 Hz; (c), (d) sound energy and local speed fields at 1000 Hz; (e), (f) sound energy and local speed fields at 1600 Hz.
图 4 3D打印制备的样品实物图 (a)组装成整体的样品; (b)外层开口腔体; (c)顶部密封端; (d)内层可旋转开口腔体; (e)底部密封端
Fig. 4. Photographs of sample prepared by 3D printing technology: (a) Assembled whole sample; (b) outer split cavity; (c) top seal; (d) inner split ring; (e) bottom seal.
图 5 实验测试得到的样品在不同内腔旋转角度(分别为0°, 90°和180°)下的吸收系数随频率的变化
Fig. 5. Experimental absorption coefficient of the sample at different rotation angles (i.e. 0°, 90°and 180°, respectively) of the inner split ring as a function of frequency.
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[1] Rahimabady M, Statharas E C, Yao K, Mirshekarloo M S, Chen S, Tay F E H 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 241601
Google Scholar
[2] Gwon J G, Kim S K, Kim J H 2016 Mater. Des. 89 448
Google Scholar
[3] Xue B, Li R, Deng J, Zhang J 2016 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55 3982
Google Scholar
[4] Padhye R, Nayak R 2016 Acoustic Textiles (Singapore: Springer)
[5] 丁昌林, 董怡宝, 赵晓鹏 2018 67 194301
Google Scholar
Ding C L, Dong Y B, Zhao X P 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 194301
Google Scholar
[6] Liu Z Y, Zhang X X, Mao Y W, Zhu Y Y, Yang Z Y, Chan C T, Sheng P 2000 Science 289 1734
Google Scholar
[7] Fang N, Xi D J, Xu J Y, Ambati M, Srituravanich W, Sun C, Zhang X 2006 Nat. Mater. 5 452
Google Scholar
[8] Lee S H, Park C M, Seo Y M, Wang Z G, Kim C K 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 054301
Google Scholar
[9] Li Y, Liang B, Zou X Y, Cheng J C 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 063509
Google Scholar
[10] Zhai S L, Zhao X P, Liu S, Shen F L, Li L L, Luo C R 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 32388
Google Scholar
[11] Zhai S L, Chen H J, Ding C L, Li L L, Shen F L, Luo C R, Zhao X P 2016 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 225302
Google Scholar
[12] Ma G C, Fan X Y, Ma F Y, de Rosny J, Sheng P, Fink M 2018 Nat. Phys. 14 608
Google Scholar
[13] Xu Y, Li Y, Lee R K, Yariv A 2000 Phys. Rev. E 62 7389
Google Scholar
[14] Yang Z, Mei J, Yang M, Chan N H, Sheng P 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 204301
Google Scholar
[15] Mei J, Ma G, Yang M, Yang Z, Wen W, Sheng P 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 756
Google Scholar
[16] Cai X, Guo Q, Hu G, Yang J 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 121901
Google Scholar
[17] Starkey T A, Smith J D, Hibbins A P, Sambles J R, Rance H J 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 041902
Google Scholar
[18] Li Y, Assouar B M 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 063502
Google Scholar
[19] Richoux O, Achilleos V, Theocharis G, Brouzos I 2018 Sci. Rep. 8 12328
Google Scholar
[20] Badreddine Assouar M, Senesi M, Oudich M, Ruzzene M, Hou Z 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 173505
Google Scholar
[21] Climente A, Torrent D, Anchez-Dehesa J S 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 144103
Google Scholar
[22] Romero-García V, Theocharis G, Richoux O, Merkel A, Tournat V, Pagneux V 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 19519
Google Scholar
[23] Li J, Wang W, Xie Y, Popa B I, Cummer S A 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 091908
Google Scholar
[24] Li Y, Shen C, Xie Y, Li J, Wang W, Cummer S, Jing Y 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 035501
Google Scholar
[25] Wang X, Luo X, Zhao H, Huang Z 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 021901
Google Scholar
[26] Peng X, Ji J, Jing Y 2018 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 144 EL255
Google Scholar
[27] Xia J P, Zhang X T, Sun H X, Yuan S Q, Qian J, Ge Y 2018 Phys. Rev. Appl. 10 014016
Google Scholar
[28] Chen Z, Xue C, Fan L, Zhang S Y, Li X J, Zhang H, Ding J 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 30254
Google Scholar
[29] Ma G, Fan X, Sheng P, Fink M 2018 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115 6638
Google Scholar
[30] Wang Y, Zhao H, Yang H, Zhong J, Zhao D, Lu Z, Wen J 2018 J. Appl. Phys. 123 185109
Google Scholar
[31] Ding C L, Hao L M, Zhao X P 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 108 074911
Google Scholar
[32] Chen H J, Zeng H C, Ding C L, Luo C R, Zhao X P 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 104902
Google Scholar
[33] Yang M, Sheng P 2017 Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 47 83
Google Scholar
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