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Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) holds significant value in neuroscience and clinical disease diagnosis. The most commonly used single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI) for DWI is affected by static magnetic field (B0) inhomogeneity and $\rm T_2/T_2^*$ decay, leading to geometric distortion, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), etc. To solve these problems, researchers have developed more advanced high-resolution diffusion MRI techniques. This article comprehensively reviews these imaging methods. In the context of echo-planar imaging (EPI), this review covers multi-shot EPI-based DWI techniques, including readout-segmented EPI (RS-EPI), interleaved EPI (iEPI), point spread function-encoded EPI (PSF-EPI), and echo-planar time-resolved imaging (EPTI). These methods effectively reduce or eliminate geometric distortions while improving SNR and spatial resolution. Additionally, the combination of multi-shot EPI with simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) acquisition can shorten scan time, which is also briefly discussed in this article. Compared with EPI, spiral imaging offers higher SNR and sampling efficiency but is more sensitive to B0 inhomogeneity. In the spiral imaging section, we review single-shot spiral DWI and multi-shot spiral DWI, as well as their integration with SMS techniques. This article emphasizes the concepts, acquisition strategies, and reconstruction methods of these imaging techniques. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions of high-resolution diffusion imaging, including 3D DWI, body DWI, magnetic field probes, ultra-high gradient systems, and ultra-high-field MRI systems.
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Keywords:
- diffusion magnetic resonance imaging /
- echo-planer imaging /
- spiral imaging /
- simultaneous multi-slice imaging /
- high-resolution /
- high-fidelity
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图 1 ss-EPI DWI序列图
Figure 1. The pulse sequence diagram of ss-EPI DWI.
图 2 4次激发EPI DWI相位校正前(a)后(b)的对比
Figure 2. The comparison of 4-shot EPI diffusion-weighted images before (a) and after (b) motion-induced phase correction.
图 3 RS-EPI DWI的序列图和k空间轨迹
Figure 3. The pulse sequence diagram and k-space trajectory of RS-EPI DWI.
图 4 iEPI DWI的序列图和k空间轨迹
Figure 4. The pulse sequence diagram and k-space trajectory of iEPI DWI.
图 5 ss-EPI和不同激发次数的ms-EPI的对比
Figure 5. The comparison of ss-EPI and ms-EPI with different shot numbers.
图 6 变形CAIPI PSF-EPI的序列图和信号采集模式
Figure 6. The pulse sequence diagram and data sampling pattern of tilted CAIPI PSF-EPI.
图 7 iEPI, PSF-EPI和TSE在颅底成像的对比
Figure 7. The comparison of iEPI, PSF-EPI, and turbo spin-echo imaging in skull base.
图 8 ss-spiral DWI序列
Figure 8. The sequence diagram of ss-spiral DWI.
图 9 高倍降采的ss-spiral采集的亚毫米级高分辨率扩散成像结果, 层内分辨率为0.77 mm ×0.77 mm, 从上至下分别显示了6个具有代表性层面的b = 0图像、b = 1000 s/mm2的DWI图像、平均DWI和彩色FA图, 放大显示了小脑、脑桥、放射冠和颞叶等部位的精细结构
Figure 9. Results of submillimeter high-resolution diffusion imaging obtained from a ss-spiral acquisition with a high under-sampling rate. The in-plane resolution is 0.77 mm×0.77 mm, from top to bottom, the figure displays b= 0 images, DWI images with b = 1000 s/mm², mean DWI, and color FA maps for six representative slices. Enlarged views highlight fine structures in the cerebellum, pons, corona radiata, and temporal lobe.
图 10 ms-spiral DWI相位误差示意图. 施加扩散梯度会引起各次激发的相位不一致, 直接重建得到的图像会存在严重的混叠伪影
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of phase errors in ms-spiral DWI, applying diffusion gradients induces phase variations between shots, leading to severe aliasing artifacts in images reconstructed directly.
图 11 VDS, DDS, UDS轨迹的示意图, VDS的采样密度随螺旋半径增大而减小, DDS在k空间中心很高的采样密度, 在中心周围密度较低, UDS在整个k空间的采样密度保持一致
Figure 11. Schematic diagrams of VDS, DDS, and UDS trajectories, the sampling density of VDS decreases as the spiral radius increases, while DDS exhibits a very high sampling density at the center of k-space with lower density in the surrounding areas, UDS maintains a consistent sampling density throughout the entire k-space.
图 12 同时激发2个层面的6次激发螺旋扩散成像结果, 从上至下分别为b = 0图像、b = 800 s/mm2扩散图像、平均DWI图像和彩色FA图
Figure 12. Results of 6-shot spiral diffusion imaging with simultaneous excitation of two slices. From top to bottom: b = 0 images, b = 800 s/mm² diffusion images, mean DWI images, and color FA maps.
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