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Metamaterials can freely control terahertz waves by designing the geometric shape and direction of the unit structure to obtain the desired electromagnetic characteristics, so they have been widely used in sensing, communication and radar stealth technology. The traditional design of terahertz metamaterial absorber usually requires continuous structural adjustment and a large number of simulations to meet the expected requirements. The process largely relies on the experience of researchers, and the physical modeling and simulation solution process is time-consuming and inefficient, greatly hindering the development of metamaterial absorbers. Therefore, due to its powerful learning ability, deep learning has been used to predict the structural parameters or spectra of metamaterial absorbers. However, when designing a new structure, it is necessary to prepare a large number of training samples again, which is both time-consuming and not universal. Particle swarm optimization algorithm can quickly converge to the optimal solution through the sharing and cooperation of individual information in the group, with no need for prior preparation. Therefore, a method of fast designing terahertz metamaterial absorber is proposed based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm in this work. Taking a new center symmetric absorber structure composed of four Ls for example, the structure parameters are optimized to achieve rapid and automatic design of metamaterial absorber. The multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm takes the absorptivity and quality factor as independent targets to design the structure parameters of the absorber, realizing the dual-objective optimization of the absorber, and overcoming the shortcoming of the multi-objective conflicts that cannot be solved by PSO. When used for refractive index sensing, the optimally-designed absorber achieves perfect absorption at 1.613 THz with a quality factor of 319.72 and a sensing sensitivity of 264.5 GHz/RIU. In addition, the reasons of absorption peaks are analyzed in detail through impedance matching, surface current, and electric field distribution. By studying the polarization characteristics of the absorber, it is found that the absorber is not sensitive to polarization, which is more stable in practical application. In summary, the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm can realize the design according to the requirements, reduce the experience requirement of researchers in the design of metamaterial absorber, thereby improving design efficiency and performance, and has great potential for application in the design of terahertz functional devices.
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Keywords:
- terahertz metamaterial absorber /
- multi-objective optimization /
- particle swarm optimization /
- parameter optimization
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图 1 单元结构示意图 (a) 单元结构侧视图; (b) 单元结构俯视图
Figure 1. Unit structure diagram: (a) Side view of the unit structure; (b) top view of the unit structure.
图 2 自适应网格法步骤 (a)寻找边界; (b)边界扩张; (c)网格划分
Figure 2. Adaptive mesh method steps: (a) Boundary finding; (b) boundary expansion; (c) mesh generation.
图 3 设计实现流程
Figure 3. Implementation flow chart.
图 4 经过优化的单元结构及其光谱
Figure 4. Optimized cell structure and spectrum.
图 5 等效阻抗的实部与虚部
Figure 5. The real and imaginary parts of the equivalent impedance.
图 6 1.613 THz处表面电流和电场分布图 (a) 1.613 THz处有反射底板表面电流; (b)无反射底板表面电流; (c)1.613 THz处表面电场分布; (d)1.613 THz处y = 100平面电场分布; (e) 1.613 THz处x = 100平面电场分布
Figure 6. Surface current and electric field distribution at 1.613 THz: (a) Surface current at 1.613 THz of an absorber with reflective backplate; (b) surface current of the absorber without reflective backplate; (c) surface electric field distribution at 1.613 THz; (d) y = 100 plane electric field distribution at 1.613 THz; (e) x = 100 plane electric field distribution at 1.613 THz.
图 7 不同折射率下主峰和次峰的谐振频率变化量及拟合曲线 (a)不同折射率下的谐振频率变化量; (b)灵敏度拟合曲线
Figure 7. The variation of resonant frequency of main and secondary resonant peaks under different refractive indices and their fitting curves.(a) The variation of resonant frequency under different refractive indices; (b) the sensitivity fitting curve of the resonant peak.
图 8 吸收器不同极化角度φ(φ = 15, 30, 45, 60, 75和90°)的吸收光谱
Figure 8. Absorption spectra of the absorber at different polarization angles φ ( φ = 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90°).
表 1 参数优化范围
Table 1. Parameter optimization range.
Parameter d l g h Range/${\text{μm}}$ 10—30 40—85 10—30 10—25 
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表 2 非支配解集
Table 2. Non-dominant solution set.
g/μm l/μm d/μm h/μm A/% Q f0/THz 1 27 54 24 18 48.87 473.32 1.638 2 17 46 25 22 99.99 248.31 1.818 3 14 68 11 15 96.79 411.07 1.707 4 21 59 21 18 99.96 277.46 1.631 5 25 58 22 19 99.56 319.72 1.613
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表 3 不同制造误差对性能的影响
Table 3. Effect of different manufacturing errors on performance.
Parameter g/μm l/μm d/μm h/μm A/% Q f0/THz PA1 1.24% –2.63% 1.65% –3.75% 89.96 394.95 1.63 25.31 56.47 22.36 18.29 PA2 1.43% 2.06% 1.95% –0.86% 92.82 210.75 1.6123 25.36 59.20 22.43 18.84 PA3 2.52% 3.25% –2.98% 3.21% 96.92 248.10 1.5992 25.63 59.88 21.34 19.63 PA4 3.66% 3.72% –2.74% 3.76% 95.22 234.95 1.5970 25.92 60.16 21.4 19.72
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表 4 其他设计方法与本文方法所设计的吸收器性能对比
Table 4. Compares the performance of absorbers designed by other design methods with those in this paper.
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