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Underwater streamer discharges have various potential applications in the fields of wastewater treatment, crop seed processing, etc. The underwater streamer discharge types have an important effect on e practical applications. In this work, the underwater microsecond pulsed streamer discharges are investigated by using an ultra-high-speed frame camera system at different water conductivities and applied voltages. It is found that there exist two different types of discharge under the same experimental conditions: the fan-shaped bush type and the long-single filament type. The water conductivity of 800 µS/cm marks the boundary point for the occurrence rates of the two discharge types: when the water conductivity is less than 800 µS/cm, the occurrence rate of the long-single filament type is 100%; when the water conductivity is larger than 800 µS/cm, the occurrence rate of the long-single filament type decreases, but the occurrence rate of the fan-shaped bush type increases with water conductivity increasing. When the water conductivity is larger than 1000 µS/cm, the dominant discharge type is the fan-shaped bush type, and the voltage required to reverse the appearance rates of the two discharge types increases as the water conductivity increases. The fan-shaped bush type streamer has a propagation velocity of ~1.7 km/s, and the long-single filament streamer has a propagation velocity of ~25 km/s in the early stage and a propagation velocity of ~0.8 km/s in the later stage. Neither of water conductivity and applied voltage has significant influence on the propagation velocities of the two types of streamers. The time lag of the fan-shaped bush-type discharge is about 8% larger than that of the long-single filament-type discharge. The injection energy per pulse of the fan-shaped bush-type discharge is about 20% smaller than that of the single filament-type discharge.
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Keywords:
- underwater microsecond pulsed streamer discharge /
- water conductivity /
- fan-shaped bush type discharge /
- long-single filament type discharge
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图 1 实验装置图
Figure 1. Experimental setup.
图 2 水电导率1200 µS/cm、电压38 kV条件下单一放电脉冲过程中依次获得的8幅时间演化Hα发光图像, 放电脉冲I和放电脉冲II的相机设定完全相同. (a1)—(d1), (a2)—(d2)为放电早期阶段, 相邻两幅图像的时间间隔为80 ns; (e1)—(h1), (e2)—(h2)为放电后期阶段, 相邻两幅图像的时间间隔为200 ns, 所有图像的相机曝光时间为20 ns
Figure 2. Eight successive Hα emission images acquired during a single pulse discharge at water conductivity of 1200 µS/cm and applied voltage of 38 kV, the camera settings for Pulse I and Pulse II are identical: (a1)–(d1), (a2)–(d2) Correspond to the early stage of the streamer discharge, and the time interval between two adjacent images is 80 ns; (e1)–(h1), (e2)–(h2) correspond to the later stage of the streamer discharge, and the time interval is 200 ns, the gating time of each image is 20 ns.
图 3 水电导率1000 µS/cm、电压38 kV条件下的单一放电脉冲过程中依次获得的8幅时间演化阴影图像, 放电脉冲I和放电脉冲II的相机设定完全相同 图中相邻两幅图像之间的时间间隔为180 ns, 每幅图像的曝光时间为20 ns
Figure 3. Eight successive shadow images obtained during a single pulse discharge at water conductivity of 1000 µS/cm and applied voltage of 38 kV, the camera time settings for Pulse I and Pulse II are identical: The time interval between two neighboring images in images is 180 ns, and the exposure time for each image is 20 ns.
图 4 水电导率对两种放电形态出现率的影响
Figure 4. Influence of the water conductivity on the appearance rate of the two discharge types.
图 5 外加电压对两种放电形态出现率的影响
Figure 5. Influence of the applied voltage on the appearance rate of the two discharge types.
图 6 扇形丝丛形态流光的传播速度与水电导率、外加电压的关系
Figure 6. The dependence of the propagation velocity of fan-shaped bush type streamer on the water conductivity and the applied voltage.
图 7 一个放电脉冲下单根长丝形态流光丝长度随时间的变化
Figure 7. Time dependence of the length of long-single filament type streamer during a single discharge pulse.
图 8 单根长丝形态流光的传播速度 (a)早期传播速度; (b)后期传播速度
Figure 8. Propagation velocity of the long-single filament type streamer: (a) Early stage; (b) later stage.
图 9 水电导率1200 µS/cm、外加电压30 kV时放电电压、电流波形示例 (a) 扇形丝丛形态放电; (b) 单根长丝形态放电
Figure 9. Waveforms of the discharge voltage and current at 1200 µS/cm and 30 KV: (a) Fan-shaped bush type discharge; (b) long-single filament type discharge.
图 10 两种放电形态的放电延迟时间与水电导率的关系
Figure 10. The effect of water conductivity on the time lag of the two discharge types.
图 11 水电导率和外加电压对两种放电形态的单脉冲注入能量的影响
Figure 11. Effect of water conductivity and applied voltage on single pulse injection energy of the two discharge types.
图 12 流光阴影图像 (a)第一模式放电(220 µS/cm, 19 kV); (b) 本研究观测到的扇形丝丛形态(1000 µS/cm, 38 kV)
Figure 12. Shadow images of streamer: (a) The primary streamer (220 µS/cm, 19 kV); (b) the fan-shaped bush type streamer (1000 µS/cm, 38 kV).
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