水下多针电极微秒脉冲流光放电特性

杨双越; 温小琼; 杨元天; 李霄

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20231881

摘要

多针电极结构是实现大体积水下放电的基础性电极结构, 研究其放电基本特性对其他大体积水下放电电极结构的设计具有重要参考意义. 本文构建了一个可安装21根针的多针电极, 利用四分幅超高速相机研究了单个脉冲放电过程中可能放电的针电极数目以及电极阵列边缘和内侧针电极放电形态的差异; 采用COMSOL软件模拟计算了多针电极结构的电场分布, 讨论了电场分布对多针电极放电的影响, 研究了多针电极结构的放电能量效率. 结果发现: 在单个脉冲放电过程中, 21根针电极不是同时发生放电的, 最大放电针电极数目随电压和针针间距的增大而增加. 在同一个脉冲放电过程中, 位于电极阵列边缘的针电极相比于位于阵列内侧的针电极产生的流光丝较长且偏离针电极轴线的偏角相对较大, 这主要是针电极之间电场相互叠加干扰引起的. 针针间距越小, 针电极之间电场的相互叠加干扰越大, 阵列边缘与内侧电极放电形态的差异越大, 放电能量效率越低.

关键词:

Abstract

The underwater streamer discharge has received extensive attention in the field of environmental protection, because it can generate free radicals and reactive oxygen species directly in water. The multi-needle electrode is a basic electrode configuration for achieving large-volume underwater streamer discharge. Understanding the discharge characteristics of the multi-needle electrode configuration is important for designing the large-volume discharge reactors. In this work, a multi-needle electrode that can assemble 21 needles is employed. The number of anode needles generating a streamer discharge during a single pulsed discharge and the differences in morphological characteristics between the inside and the edge of the electrode array are investigated by using an ultra-high-speed camera system. The electric field distribution of the multi-needle electrode is simulated by using the COMSOL software, and the effect of the electric field distribution on the discharge of multi-needle electrode is also studied. The discharge energy efficiency of the multi-needle electrode configuration is evaluated. It is found that the 21 needles are not discharged simultaneously during a discharge pulse. The number of discharged anode needles gradually increases and then reaches a maximum value (≤21). The maximum number of discharged anode needles during a single discharge pulse increases as the voltage and needle spacing increases. During a single discharge pulse, the filament generated from the needles at the edge of the electrode array grows longer and deviates more largely from the needle axis than that generated from the needles inside the electrode array. Such characteristics are primarily due to the disturbance of the electric field among the 21 needles. As the needle spacing decreases, the disturbance of the electric field among the 21 needles gets stronger, consequently, the discharge morphology differences between the needles at the edge and needles at the inner of the needle array become more significant, and the energy efficiency of the discharge drops remarkably.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

大连理工大学物理学院, 大连　116024

通信作者: 温小琼, wenxq@dlut.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11635004, 12375248)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China

Corresponding author: Wen Xiao-Qiong, wenxq@dlut.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11635004, 12375248).

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Cao Y, Qu G Z, Li T F, Jiang N, Wang T C 2018 Plasma Sci. Technol. 20 103001 Google Scholar
[2]	Lee H D, Kim J O, Chung J W 2015 Desalin. Water Treat. 53 2767 Google Scholar
[3]	Wang T C, Qu G Z, Pei S Z, Liang D L, Hu S B 2016 Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23 13448 Google Scholar
[4]	Wen X Q, Wang M, Liu X H 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 1089 Google Scholar
[5]	Kim S D, Jang D I, Lim B J, Lee S B, Mok Y S 2013 Plasma Sci. Technol. 15 659 Google Scholar
[6]	Hijosa-Valsero M, Molina R, Montràs A, Müller M, Bayona J M 2014 Environ. Technol. Rev. 3 71 Google Scholar
[7]	Schneider M, Rataj R, Kolb J F, Bláha L 2020 Environ. Pollut. 266 115423 Google Scholar
[8]	Sakugawa T, Aoki N, Akiyama H, Ishibashi K, Watanabe M, Kouda A, Suematsu K 2014 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 42 794 Google Scholar
[9]	Schoenbach K H, Joshi R P, Stark R H, Dobbs F C, Beebe S J 2000 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 7 637 Google Scholar
[10]	Foster J E 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 055501 Google Scholar
[11]	Banaschik R, Burchhardt G, Zocher K, Hammerschmidt S, Kolb J F, Weltmann K D 2016 Bioelectrochemistry 112 83 Google Scholar
[12]	An W, Baumung K, Bluhm H 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 101 053302 Google Scholar
[13]	Locke B R, Thagard S M 2012 Plasma Chem. Plasma P. 32 875 Google Scholar
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[19]	Marinov I, Starikovskaia S, Rousseau A 2014 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 224017 Google Scholar
[20]	Katsuki S, Akiyama H, Abou-Ghazala A, Schoenbach K H 2002 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 9 498 Google Scholar
[21]	Wen X Q, Liu G S, Ding Z F 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 438 Google Scholar
[22]	Wen X Q, Liu G S, Ding Z F 2011 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 39 1758 Google Scholar
[23]	Kolb J F, Joshi R P, Xiao S, Schoenbach K H 2008 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 234007 Google Scholar
[24]	Vanraes P, Bogaerts A 2018 Appl. Phys. Rev. 5 031103 Google Scholar
[25]	Sharbaugh A H, Devins J C, Rzad S J 1978 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. EI-13 249 Google Scholar
[26]	Jones H M, Kunhardt E E 1994 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 1 1016 Google Scholar
[27]	Kunhardt E E 1991 Phys. Rev. B 44 4235 Google Scholar
[28]	Joshi R P, Qian J, Zhao G, Kolb J, Schoenbach K H, Schamiloglu E, Gaudet J 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 96 5129 Google Scholar
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[30]	Starikovskiy A, Yang Y, Cho Y I, Fridman A 2011 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 20 024003 Google Scholar
[31]	Marinov I, Guaitella O, Rousseau A, Starikovskaia S M 2013 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 22 042001 Google Scholar
[32]	Banaschik R, Lukes P, Jablonowski H, Hammer M U, Weltmann K D, Kolb J F 2015 Water Res. 84 127 Google Scholar
[33]	Luke P, Clupek M, Sunka P, Babick V, Janda V 2002 Czech. J. Phys. 52 800
[34]	Malik M A, Minamitani Y, Xiao S, Kolb J F, Schoenbach K H 2005 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 33 490 Google Scholar
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[36]	Sugiarto A T, Sato M, Ohshima T, Skalny J D 2002 J. Adv. Oxid. Technol. 5 211 Google Scholar
[37]	Sugiarto A T, Ohshima T, Sato M 2002 Thin Solid Films 407 174 Google Scholar
[38]	Lisitsyn I V, Nomiyama H, Katsuki S, Akiyama H 1999 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70 3457 Google Scholar
[39]	Wang H J, Li J, Quan X 2006 J. Electrostat. 64 416 Google Scholar
[40]	Lukes P, Clupek M, Babicky V, Sunka P 2008 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 36 1146 Google Scholar
[41]	Šunka P 2001 Phys. Plasmas 8 2587 Google Scholar
[42]	Zhu T Y, Zhang Q G, Shi X Y, Li Z, Yang L J 2008 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 36 237 Google Scholar
[43]	Zhu T Y, Yang L J, Jia Z J, Zhang Q G 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 104 113302 Google Scholar
[44]	Hartmann W, Roemheld M, Rohde K D, Spiess F J 2009 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 16 1061 Google Scholar
[45]	Wang H J, Li J, Quan X, Wu Y 2008 Appl. Catal. B Environ. 83 72 Google Scholar
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[47]	佟云颢 2021 学士学位论文 (大连: 大连理工大学) Tong Y H 2021 B. S. Thesis (Dalian: Dalian University of Technology
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施引文献

图 1 (a) 多针电极结构示意图; (b) 实验装置图

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of the multi-needle electrode structure; (b) experimental setup.

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图 2 (a)放电电压、电流波形及相机门信号示例; (b)相机时间设定示例

Fig. 2. (a) An example of the waveform of the discharge voltage and current, and the camera gating signal; (b) example of camera time settings.

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图 3 多针电极放电时间演化图像(15 mm, 60 µS/cm, 28 kV)　(a)曝光时间40 ns, 相邻两幅图像的时间间隔40 ns; (b)曝光时间40 ns, 相邻两幅图像的时间间隔160 ns, 图中所标的时间是相对高压脉冲起始点的时间

Fig. 3. Temporal evolution of multi-needle underwater streamer discharge (15 mm, 60 µS/cm, 28 kV): (a) 40 ns exposure, 40 ns interval; (b) 40 ns exposure, 160 ns interval. The time marked in the figure is the time to the start of the high-voltage pulse.

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图 4 单个脉冲放电过程中不同针针间距D、水电导率和外加电压下放电针电极数目随时间的变化　(a) D = 5 mm; (b) D = 10 mm; (c) D = 15 mm; (d) D = 20 mm. 图(b), (c), (d)和图(a)图例相同, 灰色虚线表示21根针电极

Fig. 4. Temporal evolution of the number of discharged needle electrodes during one discharge pulse at different needle spacings, water conductivities and applied voltages: (a) D = 5 mm; (b) D = 10 mm; (c) D = 15 mm; (d) D = 20 mm. Legends of panels (b), (c) and (d) are the same as that denoted in panel (a), and the gray dashed line indicates 21 needle electrodes.

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图 5 针针间距、水电导率和外加电压对单个脉冲放电过程中最大放电针电极数目的影响　(a) 水电导率60 µS/cm; (b) 水电导率120 µS/cm; (c) 水电导率240 µS/cm; (d) 水电导率480 µS/cm

Fig. 5. Influence of the needle spacing, the water conductivity and the applied voltage on the maximum number of discharged needles: (a) Water conductivity is 60 µS/cm; (b) 120 µS/cm; (c) 240 µS/cm; (d) 480 µS/cm.

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图 6 (a)不同针针间距下多针电极阵列中边缘电极与内侧电极放电形态差异(40 kV, 240 µS/cm); (b)不同针针间距下多针电极阵列正面的电场分布图(40 kV)

Fig. 6. (a) Differences in morphology of the inner and outside needles at different needle spacings (40 kV, 240 µS/cm); (b) distribution of the electric field of the multi-needle electrode (front view) at different needle spacings (40 kV).

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图 7 外加电压和针针间距对光斑的影响(120 µS/cm)　(a) D = 5 mm; (b) D = 10 mm; (c) D = 15 mm; (d) D = 20 mm

Fig. 7. Influence of the applied voltage and the needle spacing on the spot size (120 µS/cm): (a) D = 5 mm; (b) D = 10 mm; (c) D = 15 mm; (d) D = 20 mm.

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图 8 (a) 不同针针间距下5针电极水下流光放电的侧面发光图像(40 kV, 240 µS/cm); (b)不同针针间距下5针电极的侧面电力线分布图(40 kV)

Fig. 8. (a) Lateral emission images of underwater streamer discharge generated from a 5-needle array at different needle spacings (40 kV, 240 µS/cm); (b) electric fluxline of a 5-needle array at different needle spacings (40 kV).

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图 9 电极间距D对流光丝偏离针电极轴线偏角的影响(240 µS/cm, 32 kV)

Fig. 9. Influence of the electrode spacing on the deviation angle of the streamer filament from the needle axis (240 µS/cm, 32 kV).

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图 10 不同针针间距下5针电极阵列针尖处电场强度(32 kV)

Fig. 10. Electric field intensity at the tip of the 5-needle array at different needle spacings (32 kV).

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图 11 外加电压和针针间距对放电能量效率的影响(240 µS/cm)

Fig. 11. Influence of the applied voltage and the needle spacing on the discharge energy efficiency (240 µS/cm).

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map

[1]	Cao Y, Qu G Z, Li T F, Jiang N, Wang T C 2018 Plasma Sci. Technol. 20 103001 Google Scholar
[2]	Lee H D, Kim J O, Chung J W 2015 Desalin. Water Treat. 53 2767 Google Scholar
[3]	Wang T C, Qu G Z, Pei S Z, Liang D L, Hu S B 2016 Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23 13448 Google Scholar
[4]	Wen X Q, Wang M, Liu X H 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 1089 Google Scholar
[5]	Kim S D, Jang D I, Lim B J, Lee S B, Mok Y S 2013 Plasma Sci. Technol. 15 659 Google Scholar
[6]	Hijosa-Valsero M, Molina R, Montràs A, Müller M, Bayona J M 2014 Environ. Technol. Rev. 3 71 Google Scholar
[7]	Schneider M, Rataj R, Kolb J F, Bláha L 2020 Environ. Pollut. 266 115423 Google Scholar
[8]	Sakugawa T, Aoki N, Akiyama H, Ishibashi K, Watanabe M, Kouda A, Suematsu K 2014 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 42 794 Google Scholar
[9]	Schoenbach K H, Joshi R P, Stark R H, Dobbs F C, Beebe S J 2000 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 7 637 Google Scholar
[10]	Foster J E 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 055501 Google Scholar
[11]	Banaschik R, Burchhardt G, Zocher K, Hammerschmidt S, Kolb J F, Weltmann K D 2016 Bioelectrochemistry 112 83 Google Scholar
[12]	An W, Baumung K, Bluhm H 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 101 053302 Google Scholar
[13]	Locke B R, Thagard S M 2012 Plasma Chem. Plasma P. 32 875 Google Scholar
[14]	Lesaint O 2016 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 144001 Google Scholar
[15]	Ceccato P, Guaitella O, Shaper L, Graham B, Rousseau A 2009 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference Washington D. C. , USA, June 28–July 2, 2009 p866
[16]	Fujita H, Kanazawa S, Ohtani K, Komiya A, Kaneko T, Sato T 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 116 213301 Google Scholar
[17]	Fujita H, Kanazawa S, Ohtani K, Komiya A, Sato T 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 113304 Google Scholar
[18]	Katsuki S, Tanaka K, Fudamoto T, Namihira T, Akiyama H, Bluhm H 2006 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45 239 Google Scholar
[19]	Marinov I, Starikovskaia S, Rousseau A 2014 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 224017 Google Scholar
[20]	Katsuki S, Akiyama H, Abou-Ghazala A, Schoenbach K H 2002 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 9 498 Google Scholar
[21]	Wen X Q, Liu G S, Ding Z F 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 438 Google Scholar
[22]	Wen X Q, Liu G S, Ding Z F 2011 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 39 1758 Google Scholar
[23]	Kolb J F, Joshi R P, Xiao S, Schoenbach K H 2008 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 234007 Google Scholar
[24]	Vanraes P, Bogaerts A 2018 Appl. Phys. Rev. 5 031103 Google Scholar
[25]	Sharbaugh A H, Devins J C, Rzad S J 1978 IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul. EI-13 249 Google Scholar
[26]	Jones H M, Kunhardt E E 1994 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 1 1016 Google Scholar
[27]	Kunhardt E E 1991 Phys. Rev. B 44 4235 Google Scholar
[28]	Joshi R P, Qian J, Zhao G, Kolb J, Schoenbach K H, Schamiloglu E, Gaudet J 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 96 5129 Google Scholar
[29]	Shneider M N, Pekker M, Fridman A 2012 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 19 1579 Google Scholar
[30]	Starikovskiy A, Yang Y, Cho Y I, Fridman A 2011 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 20 024003 Google Scholar
[31]	Marinov I, Guaitella O, Rousseau A, Starikovskaia S M 2013 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 22 042001 Google Scholar
[32]	Banaschik R, Lukes P, Jablonowski H, Hammer M U, Weltmann K D, Kolb J F 2015 Water Res. 84 127 Google Scholar
[33]	Luke P, Clupek M, Sunka P, Babick V, Janda V 2002 Czech. J. Phys. 52 800
[34]	Malik M A, Minamitani Y, Xiao S, Kolb J F, Schoenbach K H 2005 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 33 490 Google Scholar
[35]	Wen X Q, Liu G S, Ding Z F 2010 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38 3330 Google Scholar
[36]	Sugiarto A T, Sato M, Ohshima T, Skalny J D 2002 J. Adv. Oxid. Technol. 5 211 Google Scholar
[37]	Sugiarto A T, Ohshima T, Sato M 2002 Thin Solid Films 407 174 Google Scholar
[38]	Lisitsyn I V, Nomiyama H, Katsuki S, Akiyama H 1999 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70 3457 Google Scholar
[39]	Wang H J, Li J, Quan X 2006 J. Electrostat. 64 416 Google Scholar
[40]	Lukes P, Clupek M, Babicky V, Sunka P 2008 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 36 1146 Google Scholar
[41]	Šunka P 2001 Phys. Plasmas 8 2587 Google Scholar
[42]	Zhu T Y, Zhang Q G, Shi X Y, Li Z, Yang L J 2008 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 36 237 Google Scholar
[43]	Zhu T Y, Yang L J, Jia Z J, Zhang Q G 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 104 113302 Google Scholar
[44]	Hartmann W, Roemheld M, Rohde K D, Spiess F J 2009 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 16 1061 Google Scholar
[45]	Wang H J, Li J, Quan X, Wu Y 2008 Appl. Catal. B Environ. 83 72 Google Scholar
[46]	郭沛 2023 学士学位论文 (大连: 大连理工大学) Guo P 2023 B. S. Thesis (Dalian: Dalian University of Technology
[47]	佟云颢 2021 学士学位论文 (大连: 大连理工大学) Tong Y H 2021 B. S. Thesis (Dalian: Dalian University of Technology
[48]	Wang L R, Wen X Q, Yang Y T, Wang X 2023 J. Appl. Phys. 134 013302 Google Scholar

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