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The unique properties of heavy-ion beam-driven high-energy density matter (HEDM), characterized by macroscale uniformity, extended volumetric dimension, and material diversity, present novel opportunities for advancing high-energy density physics (HEDP). The High-Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF), a cornerstone project which is initiated during China’s 12th Five-Year Plan, is currently being accelerated in construction. After completion, it will become a primary platform for experimental research on the HEDP phenomenon induced by intense heavy-ion beams.In this work, a self-developed 1D radiation hydrodynamics code, Aardvark, is used to simulate the interaction dynamics between uranium ion beams (500 MeV/u) and cylindrical targets under HIAF-relevant beam parameters. The results show time-evolution images of specific energy deposition, temperature, pressure, and density of the target material in the radial direction during heavy-ion beam energy loading. By comparing the state-of-matter parameters produced by the ion beam hitting the target at different beam intensities, a noteworthy phenomenon is observed, i.e. a plateau region of temperature and pressure are formed near the axis. This observation indicates that under the action of the heavy-ion beam, a substantially homogeneous region is formed along the axis of the target material, further elucidating the salient characteristics of the heavy-ion beam-driven high energy density material, i.e. its substantial volume and homogeneous state. The state parameters of the target material undergo significant changes in the process, particularly in the later stages, for a beam cluster length of 150 ns and a beam intensity of $ 4 × 10^{11}$ ppp. These changes are characterized by substantial changes in both the density and the pressure of the target material, which are often referred to as shock waves. The generation and propagation rate of these shock waves can be significantly controlled by adjusting the intensity of the ion beam.This study further constructs a systematic database that meticulously records the state parameters of target materials when uranium ion beams interact with various types of targets. The relevant simulation data provide important theoretical guidance for planning heavy-ion beam-driven high-energy density physics experiments at HIAF and crucial theoretical support for in-depth research on the generation, evolution, and properties of high-energy density matter. These advances in calculation position HIAF as a transformative platform for detecting extreme-state substances, with is of direct implications in studying inertial confinement fusion and modeling astrophysical plasma.
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Keywords:
- intense heavy ion beam /
- high energy density matter /
- fluid dynamics /
- Aardvark program /
- high intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility
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图 1 HIAF装置布局高能量密度物理实验终端[5]
Figure 1. Schematic of HIAF and a high-energy-density physics experiment terminal is equipped.
图 2 根据HIAF上的铀离子束与铅靶作用的设计方案示意图. (a) 离子束打靶的能量沉积示意图; (b)铀离子束与圆柱型铅靶作用的示意图. 红色虚线区域表示能量沉积最大的位置即布拉格峰
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the design scheme based on the interaction of the uranium ion beam and the lead target on the HIAF. (a) Schematic diagram of the energy deposition of the ion beam target; (b) Schematic diagram of the interaction of the uranium ion beam with a cylindrical lead target. The red dotted line area indicates the location where the energy is deposited the most, the Bragg peak.
图 3 不同束团能量下, 束团强度为$ 10^{11} $ ppp, 长度为100 ns的物态参数随半径的变化规律
Figure 3. Variation of the beam parameters with radius at different beam energy levels, with a beam intensity of $ 10^{11} $ ppp and a length of 100 ns
图 4 束团能量为500 MeV/u. (a), (c), (e), (g)是不同束流强度下物态参数的对比, 脉冲长度为100 ns; (b), (d), (f), (h)是脉冲长度为150 ns, 束流强度为4 $ \times 10^{11} $ ppp的物态参数演化
Figure 4. The beam energy is 500 MeV/u. (a), (c), (e), (g) show the comparison of matter state parameters under different beam intensities, with a bunch length of 100 ns. (b), (d), (f), (h) show the evolution of matter state parameters with a bunch length of 150 ns and a beam intensity of 4 × 1011 ppp.
图 5 不同脉冲长度下, 束团能量为500 MeV/u, 强度为$ 10^{11} $ ppp的物态参数随半径的变化规律
Figure 5. Variation of beam parameters with radius under different bunch lengths, with a beam energy of 500 MeV/u and an intensity of $ 10^{11} $ ppp.
表 1 重离子加速器装置参数对比
Table 1. Comparison of parameters of heavy ion accelerator device.
HIHEX@FAIR HEDP@HIAF Ion $ \mathrm{U}^{28+} $ $ \mathrm{U}^{92+} $ E $ 2 \ \mathrm{AGeV} $ $ 0.8-1 \ \mathrm{AGeV} $ Intensity $ 2 \times 10^{12} \ \mathrm{ppp} $ $ (0.1-2) \times 10^{12} \ \mathrm{ppp} $ Pulse length 50 ns $ 50-100 \ \mathrm{ns} $ $ \Delta \mathrm{E} / \mathrm{E} $ $ \pm 1 {\text{%}} $ $ \pm 0.5{\text{%}} $ Beam spot size $ 1 \ \mathrm{mm} $ $ 0.5-1 \ \mathrm{mm} $ 
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表 2 Aardvark程序与BIG2程序[18]的物态参数对比.
Table 2. Comparison of the state parameters of the Aardvark program and the BIG2 program.
Code pulse lengths(ns) $ \mathrm{E} (\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{g}) $ $ \mathrm{T}_e (\mathrm{K}) $ $ \rho \left(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^3\right) $ $ \mathrm{P} (\mathrm{GPa}) $ BIG2 100 14.8 58000.0 10.2 75.0 150 14.0 55000.0 9.3 58.0 Aardvark 100 19.1 55205.0 9.9 84.4 150 18.9 52613.7 8.8 69.4
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表 3 随着离子束流强变化时, 不同材料的靶物质在轴心处产生的靶物质状态参数的极值
Table 3. Maximum values of the state parameters of target materials at the axis as ion beam intensity changes.
Target Intensity $ (\mathrm{ppp}) $ $ \rho\left(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^3\right) $ $ \mathrm{P}(\mathrm{GPa}) $ $ \mathrm{T_{e}}(\mathrm{K}) $ $ \mathrm{E}(\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{g}) $ Pb $ 10^9 $ 11.33 1.48 2561.12 0.17 $ 10^{10} $ 11.18 9.98 13279.05 1.86 $ 10^{11} $ 10.07 79.09 52577.75 17.54 $ 10^{12} $ 7.65 441.22 209187.11 177.03 Al $ 10^9 $ 2.69 0.90 1089.32 0.26 $ 10^{10} $ 2.65 4.02 4952.81 2.57 $ 10^{11} $ 2.26 22.81 24508.74 25.95 $ 10^{12} $ 1.13 93.63 91883.41 264.66 Au $ 10^9 $ 19.21 7.75 1617.67 0.18 $ 10^{10} $ 18.50 49.24 10909.41 1.76 $ 10^{11} $ 16.74 172.76 56315.57 17.54 $ 10^{12} $ 10.27 574.96 199485.15 178.75 LiF $ 10^9 $ 2.63 0.63 696.27 0.23 $ 10^{10} $ 2.59 3.49 4293.67 2.28 $ 10^{11} $ 2.25 20.8 22396.72 23.08 $ 10^{12} $ 1.16 88.5 87265.98 235.73
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