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Charged dust on the lunar surface poses a threat to space missions. Research into charged dust is essential for the safety of future space missions. The conventional lunar dust charging theory assumes a single constant work function when calculating the charging currents related to photoelectrons. However, the components of lunar regolith exhibit considerable diversity, including plagioclase, pyroxene, and ilmenite. Because the ability of the lunar surface or lunar dust to emit photoelectrons strongly depends on their work function, it is necessary to analyze the effect of work function on dust charging and dynamics near the lunar surface. In this work, we used a novel method that can predict the photoelectric yield of materials with different work functions to recalculate the surface charging currents of four types of dust particles and derived their subsequent charging and dynamic results at different solar zenith angles (SZAs). When SZA varies from 0°to 90°, the work function of dust decreases incrementally through four values: 6 eV (Apollo lunar soil), 5.58 eV (Plagioclase), 5.14 eV (Pyroxene), and 4.29 eV (Ilmenite). With each decrement in work function, the equilibrium charging currents of dust particles increase by approximately 0.5 times, the equilibrium charge numbers increase by approximately 120-170 elemental charges, and the equilibrium heights increase by approximately 0.3-2 m. We found that dust particles could not levitate stably at a critical SZA, and the critical SZAs for the four types of dust particles are 28°, 76°, 85.8°, and 89.6°, respectively (arranged in order of decreasing work function). These results indicated that the equilibrium heights, equilibrium currents, and critical SZAs all have an inverse relationship with the work functions of dust particles as the SZA varies from 0°to 90°. In addition, a higher photoelectron density in areas with lower work functions results in smaller energy losses, causing dust particles to take longer to reach equilibrium, which means the equilibrium time follows the same pattern as that of the work function.
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Keywords:
- Moon /
- Dust levitation /
- Work function
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图 1 阿波罗任务带回的样品的光电子产率
Figure 1. Photoelectric yield measured on samples returned by Apollo missions.
图 2 最小太阳活动周期下的太阳辐射光谱
Figure 2. Wavelength dependence of solar radiation spectrum under minimum solar activity conditions.
图 3 四种不同功函数尘埃的光电子产率. 实线表示使用Kimura方法计算的产率, 红色实线代表阿波罗月球土壤, 蓝色实线代表斜长石, 黄色实线代表辉石, 绿色实线代表钛铁矿. 红色虚线表示阿波罗月球土壤的实验产率
Figure 3. Photoelectric yield for four different types of dust particles. Solid lines represent yield calculated by using Kimura's method. Red line represents Apollo lunar soil, blue line represents plagioclase, yellow line represents pyroxene, and green line represents ilmenite. Red dash line represents experimental yield of Apollo lunar soil.
图 4 四个区域内正午时分的电势、电场与高度的函数关系, 为方便比较, 绘制了半对数横坐标形式的内插图 (a) 电势与高度的函数关系; (b) 电场与高度的函数关系
Figure 4. Height dependence of surface potential and electric field at noon. For clarity, the semilogx form has been plotted: (a) potential; (b) electric field.
图 5 正午时分悬浮尘埃颗粒的充电电流 (a) 光电子发射电流; (b) 光电子收集电流; (c) 太阳风电子电流
Figure 5. Charging currents of suspended dust particles at noon: (a) photoemission current; (b) photoelectron collection current; (c) solar wind electron current.
图 6 正午时分四种尘埃颗粒的电流能, 0—60 s内的结果已被绘制为内插图
Figure 6. Energy created by charging currents at noon. Current energy from 0–60 s has been magnified.
图 7 正午时分悬浮尘埃颗粒的表面电荷数
Figure 7. Charge numbers of suspended dust particles at noon.
图 8 正午时分悬浮尘埃颗粒的高度, 900—1000 s的结果已被绘制为内插图
Figure 8. Vertical height of suspended dust particles at noon, results at 900–1000 s have been magnified.
图 9 悬浮尘埃颗粒的平衡态 (a) 平衡高度; (b) 平衡电荷数
Figure 9. Equilibria of suspended dust particles: (a) equilibrium height; (b) equilibrium charge numbers.
表 1 四个区域中的材料参数及正午时分的光电子浓度
Table 1. Material parameters and photoelectron density of four areas at noon.
尘埃类型 密度/(g$ \cdot $cm$ ^{-3} $) 功函数/(eV) 浓度/(m$ ^{-3} $) 阿波罗月壤 1.5 6.00 $ 6.6943\times 10^7 $ 斜长石 2.7 5.58 $ 6.9190\times 10^7 $ 辉石 3.2 5.14 $ 7.1508\times 10^7 $ 钛铁矿 4.4 4.29 $ 7.5901\times 10^7 $ 
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表 2 初始参数
Table 2. Initial Parameters.
参数 参数值 日心距$ \mathrm{d} $ 1 AU 重力加速度$ g_{\mathrm{a}} $ 1.63 $ \mathrm{m\cdot s^{-2}} $ 尘埃质量$ m_{\mathrm{d}} $ 6.28318$ \times 10^{-18} $ $ \mathrm{kg} $ 初始电荷$ Q_0 $ 3.20424$ \times 10^{-17} $ C 初始速度$ v_{\mathrm{d0}} $ 2 $ \mathrm{m\cdot s^{-1}} $
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