Production and measurement of MeV proton microbeams in atmospheric environment based on glass capillary

Wan Cheng-Liang; Pan Yu-Zhou; Zhu Li-Ping; Li Peng-Fei; Zhang Hao-Wen; Zhao Zhuo-Yan; Yuan Hua; Fan Xu-Hong; Sun Wen-Sheng; Du Zhan-Hui; Chen Qian; Cui Ying; Liao Tian-Fa; Wei Xiao-Hui; Wang Tian-Qi; Chen Xi-Meng; Li Gong-Ping; Reinhold Schuch; Zhang Hong-Qiang

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240301

Abstract

Traditionally, ion microbeam is produced by focusing or/and collimating to reduce the beam size to submicron level. The traditional setup for producing the microbeam consists of an expensive focusing and collimating system with a large space, based on electromagnetic fields. Meanwhile, the microbeam obtained through pure collimation of metal micro-tubes is limited by the fabrication processing, i.e. the size of beam spot is largely limited to a few microns and its manufacture is not as simple as that of a glass capillary. Inspired by early studies of the guiding effect, the use of inexpensive and easy-to-make glass capillaries as the tool for ion external microbeam production has become a new direction.In this work, we use a glass capillary with an open outlet (108 μm in diameter), which serves as a vacuum differential and collimating component, to produce a 2.5 MeV-proton microbeam directly from the linear accelerator into the atmosphere for measurements. We measure the beam spot diameter and energy distribution of the microbeam as a function of the tilt angle of the capillary. We also conduct calculations and ion trajectory analysis on the scattering process of 2.5 MeV protons on the inner walls.The measurement results show that when the tilt angle is around 0°, there are a direct transmission part that maintains the initial incident energy, and a scattering part with the energy loss in the microbeam. It is found that the proportion of directly transmitted protons and the beam spot size are highest near zero tilt angle. As the tilt angle increases, the beam spot diameter decreases; when the tilt angle is greater than the geometric angle, all the microbeams come from the scattering with the energy loss. The simulation combined with the ion trajectory analysis based on the scattering process can explain the experimental results. It is found that the large angle scattering determines the entire external microbeam spot, and the central region of the beam spot is composed of directly penetrating ions, whose size is determined by the geometric shape of the glass capillary, i.e. the outlet diameter and aspect ratio.The natural advantage of producing external micobeames easily and inexpensively through glass capillaries is their relative safety and stable operation, and the last but not least point is to simply locate the microbeams on the sample without complex diagnostic tools. The microbeams are expected to be widely used in fields such as radiation biology, medicine, and materials.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
2.
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
3.
College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
4.
College of Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
5.
School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516067, China
6.
Institute of Space Environment and Material Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
7.
Center for Advanced Science of Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
8.
Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm S-10691, Sweden

Corresponding author: Zhang Hong-Qiang, zhanghq@lzu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U1732269), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant No. lzujbky-2021-sp41), the Key Projects of Ordinary Universities in Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2022ZDZX3028), the Key Projects of Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation, China (Grant No. 2022B1515120051), and the Key Discipline Research Ability Improvement Project of Guangdong Provincial Department of Education, China (Grant No. 2022ZDJS055).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 外束微束产生装置及测量终端示意图, 虚线框为外束微束测量终端

Figure 1. Schematic drawing of external microbeam production device and measurement terminal, dashed box is external microbeam measurement terminal.

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图 2 玻璃毛细管整体示意图(左)和出口截面示意图(右), 插入图为玻璃毛细管实物图

Figure 2. Schematic drawing of the glass capillary, left is overall, α indicating the geometric flare angle of the glass capillary, right is outlet cross section, and the insert shows the photograph of the glass capillary.

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图 3 金硅面垒探测器的能量刻度曲线

Figure 3. Energy calibration curve of the surface barrier detector.

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图 4 玻璃毛细管在不同倾角下外束微束的束斑图(a)和能谱(b)

Figure 4. Beam profiles (a) and energy spectra (b) of the external microbeam at distance from the outlet of the glass capillary as 1 mm, according to various tilt angles of the glass capillary.

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图 5 玻璃毛细管在不同倾角下外束微束的全部穿透率(圆形标记)和直接穿透穿透率(正方形标记). 插图为0°倾角下实验测得的外束微束能谱(黑色), 解谱得到直接穿透部分(红色)和散射部分(蓝色). 左右两侧虚线间距代表玻璃毛细管的张角(0.9°)

Figure 5. Transmission rate of the total penetration (circle) and direct penetration (square) of the external microbeam, according to various tilt angles of the glass capillary. Insert: experimentally measured energy spectrum of the external microbeam at tilt angle 0°(black), the direct penetration part (red) and scattering part (blue) are obtained by deconstructing the spectrum. The distance between the dashed lines on both sides represents the geometric flare angle of the glass capillary (0.9°).

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图 6 2.5 MeV质子在玻璃毛细管内的模拟结果　(a) β = 0.4°时的散射角分布, 此时散射离子最大概率出射角为0.7°; (b) 不同β角下的最大概率出射角; (c)不同β角下的散射概率; (d) 玻璃毛细管内侧距出口不同距离处的出射最小概率

Figure 6. Simulation of 2.5 MeV protons in the glass capillary: (a) Scattering angle distribution at an incidence angle of 0.4°, the most probability exit angle is 0.7°; (b) the most probable exit angle at different β angles; (c) scattering probability of protons at different β angles; (d) the least exit probability at different distances in the glass capillary towards the outlet.

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图 7 (a)倾角为0°时外束微束在玻璃管末端的出射情况示意图; (b)实验测得能谱, 黑色线为总能谱, 灰色填充部分为直接穿透能谱; (c)倾角为1.2°时直接穿透离子消失; (d)相应的能谱中直接穿透部分消失

Figure 7. (a) Schematic drawing of the external microbeam emission at the end of a glass capillary; (b) the experimentally measured energy spectrum at title angle of 0°, the red and blue lines in panel (a) represent the diret penetration and scattering part, respectively; the black line and the gray filled part represent the total energy spectrum and the direct penetration spectrum, respectively; (c) when the tilt angle is 1.2°, the directly penetrating ions disappear; (d) the directly penetrating part of the energy spectrum disappears, correspondingly.

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图 8 (a) 0°倾角下, 距毛细玻璃管出口不同距离处的外束微束束斑轮廓. 1 mm处束斑轮廓图中红色和蓝色虚线区域分别为直接穿透离子和散射离子在探测器上形成的束斑轮廓. (b) 0°倾角下直接穿透离子(红色)和散射离子(蓝色)分别在距玻璃毛细管出口1 mm和4 mm处探测器上形成束斑尺寸的理论示意图, 分别以1.8°张角和20°张角计算直接穿透离子和散射离子的理论最大分布直径. 距玻璃管出口1 mm和4 mm处, 直接穿透离子为140 μm和230 μm, 散射离子为460 μm和1.5 mm

Figure 8. (a) Spot profiles of the external microbeam at different distances from the outlet of the glass capillary at tilt angle of 0°. Red and blue dashed lines represent the beam spot profiles formed by directly penetrating ions and scattering ions on the detector, respectively. (b) Theoretical schematic panel (a) of the beam spot size formed by direct penetration of ions (red) and scattered ions (blue) at an tilt angle of 0° on the detector at a distance of 1 mm and 4 mm from the exit of the glass capillary, respectively. The theoretical maximum distribution diameters of direct penetrating ions and scattered ions were calculated at angles of 1.8° and 20°, respectively. At distances of 1 mm and 4 mm from the exit of the glass capilarry, the spot diameters of direct penetrating ions are 140 μm and 230 μm, while the spot diameters of the scattered ions are 460 μm and 1.5 mm.

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图 9 离子在玻璃毛细管内壁上以最大出射角发生一次散射(蓝色)和二次散射(绿色)示意图, 红线代表直接穿透离子. 初级和次级散射离子的焦点分别位于距离玻璃毛细管出口约3 mm和1 mm处

Figure 9. Schematic drawing of primary (blue) and secondary (green) scattering of ions at the most probability exit angle on the inner wall of the glass capillary, the red line representing direct penetration of ions. The focal points of primary and secondary scattering ions are located approximately 3 mm and 1 mm away from the glass capillary outlet, respectively.

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map

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[4]	Nebiki T, Yamamoto T, Narusawa T 2003 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 21 1671 Google Scholar
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[6]	Zhang H Q, Skog P, Schuch R 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 052901 Google Scholar
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[11]	Skog P, Soroka I L, Johansson A, Schuch R 2007 Nucl. Instrum. Metods Phys. Res. Sect. B 258 145 Google Scholar
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[23]	Keerthisinghe D, Dassanayake B S, Wickramarachchi S J, Stolterfoht N, Tanis J A 2015 Phys. Rev. A 92 012703 Google Scholar
[24]	Schiessl K, Tőkési K, Solleder B, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 163201 Google Scholar
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