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In recent years, with the continuous development of computer technology, it has brought convenience to people to obtain image information. However, at the same time, the falsification and theft of image information have also emerged, so information security has received increasing attention. When images are used for medicine, military, court, and other purposes, it is necessary to ensure the authenticity and integrity of the image content. Fragile watermarks are used to verify the authenticity and integrity of image content due to their sensitivity to tampering. The watermark information is embedded in the image and integrated with the image. When it is necessary to detect the authenticity and integrity of image information, the extracted watermark can be used to determine whether the image is reliable and complete. Therefore, we propose an optical color fragile watermarking system based on pixel-free expansion visual cryptography. On the one hand, encoding watermark images by using pixel-free expansion visual cryptography avoids pixel expansion issues caused by visual cryptography, allowing for the selection of color host images with the same pixel size as the watermark image in the future, greatly reducing the network bandwidth and storage space occupied during transmission. On the other hand, phase recovery algorithm is used to process the encoded watermark image to obtain phase information for embedding into the host image, further improving the security of the watermark image in an optical way. The feasibility and imperceptibility of the proposed optical color fragile watermark are verified through computer simulation, and its good fragility is verified through a series of simulation attack experiments. It can sensitively detect image tampering in the face of common attacks such as noise pollution, rotation, motion blur processing, filtering, etc.
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Keywords:
- optical color fragile watermark /
- pixel-free expansion visual cryptography /
- phase recovery algorithm /
- tamper detection
[1] Thanki R 2021 Int. J. Digit. Crime Fourensics 13 35
Google Scholar
[2] 张凤英 2014 硕士学位论文 (成都: 西南交通大学)
Zhang F Y 2014 M. S. Thesis (Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University
[3] 沈嘉琪 2019 硕士学位论文 (武汉: 华中科技大学)
Shen J Q 2019 M. S. Thesis (Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology
[4] 周新隆, 祝玉鹏, 杨栋宇, 张峻浩, 卢哲, 王华英, 董昭, 柯常军, 史祎诗 2021 70 244201
Google Scholar
Zhou X L, Zhu Y P, Yang D Y, Zhang J H, Lu Z, Wang H Y, Dong Z, Ke C J, Shi Y S 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 244201
Google Scholar
[5] 杨雅姿 2023 硕士学位论文 (荆州: 长江大学)
Yang Y Z 2023 M. S. Thesis (Jingzhou: Yangtze University
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Google Scholar
[7] 龚馨慧 2019 硕士学位论文 (北京: 北京邮电大学)
Gong X H 2019 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
[8] 郁滨, 付正欣, 沈刚, 房礼国 2014 视觉密码(合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社)第2—3页
Yu B, Fu Z X, Shen G, Fang L G 2014 Visual Cryptography (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press) pp2–3
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Google Scholar
[10] 赵永康 2023 博士学位论文 (天津: 南开大学)
Zhao Y K 2023 Ph. D. Dissertation (Tianjin: Nankai University
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[14] Hou Y C 2003 Pattern Recognit. 36 1619
Google Scholar
[15] Yamamoto H, Hayasaki Y, Nishida N 2004 Opt. Express 12 1258
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[17] 于韬, 杨栋宇, 马锐, 史祎诗 2020 69 144202
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Yu T, Yang D Y, Ma R, Shi Y S 2020 Acta Phys. Sin 69 144202
Google Scholar
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Wang H J, Ma D H, Zhang E Q, Zhao T F 2018 Eng. J. Wuhan Univ. 51 1123
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[23] Gerchberg R W, Saxton W O 1972 Optik 35 237
[24] 张鹄翔 2021 硕士学位论文 (杭州: 浙江大学)
Zhang H X 2021 M. S. Thesis (Hangzhou: Zhejiang University
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Google Scholar
[26] Shi Y S, Yang X B 2017 Chin. Phys. Lett. 34 114204
Google Scholar
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图 1 光学水印生成及嵌入过程
Figure 1. Optical watermark generation and embedding process.
图 2 光学水印提取过程
Figure 2. Optical watermark extraction process.
图 3 像素不扩展视觉密码编码方案
Figure 3. Pixel-free expansion visual cryptography encoding scheme.
图 4 仿真结果图 (a)原始图像; (b)水印图像; (c)彩色宿主图像; (d)相位信息; (e)彩色含水印图像; (f)再现图像; (g)叠加图像; (h)提取的水印图像; (i)提取的原始图像
Figure 4. Simulation result diagram: (a) Original image; (b) watermark image; (c) color host image; (d) phase information; (e) color images with watermarks; (f) reproduced image; (g) overlay image; (h) extracted watermark image; (i) extracted original image.
图 5 任意两张再现图像叠加结果图 (a)第1张再现图像与第2张再现图像叠加; (b)第1张再现图像与第3张再现图像叠加; (c)第2张再现图像与第3张再现图像叠加
Figure 5. Overlay results of any two reproduced images: (a) Overlay of the first reproduced image and the second reproduced image; (b) overlay the first reproduced image with the third reproduced image; (c) overlay of the second and third reproduced images.
图 6 攻击实验结果图 (a)—(c)高斯噪声、椒盐噪声、均匀噪声; (d)—(h)旋转、运动模糊、高斯低通滤波、裁剪、JPEG压缩
Figure 6. Attack experiment results: (a)–(c) Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise, uniform noise; (d)–(h) rotation, motion blur, Gaussian low-pass filtering, cropping, JPEG compression.
图 7 各分量的PSNR与衰减系数的关系
Figure 7. Relationship between PSNR of each component and attenuation coefficient.
图 8 不同宿主图像与含水印图像对比 (a)—(c) “flower”宿主图像、“fruit”宿主图像、“panda”宿主图像; (d)—(f) “flower”彩色含水印图像, “fruit”彩色含水印图像, “panda”彩色含水印图像
Figure 8. Comparison between different host images and watermarked images: (a)–(c) “flower” host image, “fruit” host image, “panda” host image; (d)–(f) “flower” color watermarked image, “fruit” color watermarked image, “panda” color watermarked image.
表 1 不同宿主图像的PSNR
Table 1. PSNR of different host images.
实验次数 Flower Fruit Panda PSNR PSNR PSNR 1 50.4512 50.3216 50.4309 2 50.3675 50.3364 50.3374 3 50.2660 50.4510 50.4138 4 50.4219 50.4544 50.3442 5 50.2407 50.2530 50.3409 6 50.5150 50.4241 50.4853 7 50.4227 50.4452 50.4365 8 50.4355 50.4863 50.3971 9 50.5024 50.4492 50.3321 10 50.3872 50.4446 50.2862 平均 50.4001 50.4066 50.3794 
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[1] Thanki R 2021 Int. J. Digit. Crime Fourensics 13 35
Google Scholar
[2] 张凤英 2014 硕士学位论文 (成都: 西南交通大学)
Zhang F Y 2014 M. S. Thesis (Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University
[3] 沈嘉琪 2019 硕士学位论文 (武汉: 华中科技大学)
Shen J Q 2019 M. S. Thesis (Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology
[4] 周新隆, 祝玉鹏, 杨栋宇, 张峻浩, 卢哲, 王华英, 董昭, 柯常军, 史祎诗 2021 70 244201
Google Scholar
Zhou X L, Zhu Y P, Yang D Y, Zhang J H, Lu Z, Wang H Y, Dong Z, Ke C J, Shi Y S 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 244201
Google Scholar
[5] 杨雅姿 2023 硕士学位论文 (荆州: 长江大学)
Yang Y Z 2023 M. S. Thesis (Jingzhou: Yangtze University
[6] Chen Z Y 2013 Signal Process. Image Commun. 28 301
Google Scholar
[7] 龚馨慧 2019 硕士学位论文 (北京: 北京邮电大学)
Gong X H 2019 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
[8] 郁滨, 付正欣, 沈刚, 房礼国 2014 视觉密码(合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社)第2—3页
Yu B, Fu Z X, Shen G, Fang L G 2014 Visual Cryptography (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press) pp2–3
[9] Naor M, Shamir M 1994 Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 950 1
Google Scholar
[10] 赵永康 2023 博士学位论文 (天津: 南开大学)
Zhao Y K 2023 Ph. D. Dissertation (Tianjin: Nankai University
[11] Blundo C, Bonis A D, Santis A D 2001 Designs Codes Cryptogr. 24 255
Google Scholar
[12] Blundo C, Santis A D, Naor M 2000 Inf. Proc. Lett. 75 255
Google Scholar
[13] Lin C C, Tsai W H 2003 Pattern Recognit. Lett. 24 349
Google Scholar
[14] Hou Y C 2003 Pattern Recognit. 36 1619
Google Scholar
[15] Yamamoto H, Hayasaki Y, Nishida N 2004 Opt. Express 12 1258
Google Scholar
[16] Machizaud J, Fournel T 2012 Opt. Express 20 22847
Google Scholar
[17] 于韬, 杨栋宇, 马锐, 史祎诗 2020 69 144202
Google Scholar
Yu T, Yang D Y, Ma R, Shi Y S 2020 Acta Phys. Sin 69 144202
Google Scholar
[18] Ateniese G, Blundo C, Santis A D, Stinson D R 2001 Theor. Coumpt. Sci. 250 143
Google Scholar
[19] Shyu S J 2007 Pattern. Recogn. 40 1014
Google Scholar
[20] Shyu S J 2009 Pattern. Recogn. 42 1582
Google Scholar
[21] 王洪君, 马冬鹤, 张恩绮, 赵腾飞 2018 武汉大学学报(工学版) 51 1123
Google Scholar
Wang H J, Ma D H, Zhang E Q, Zhao T F 2018 Eng. J. Wuhan Univ. 51 1123
Google Scholar
[22] 胡浩, 郁滨, 沈刚 2015 计算机科学 42 103
Google Scholar
Hu H, Yu B, Shen G 2015 Comput. Sci. 42 103
Google Scholar
[23] Gerchberg R W, Saxton W O 1972 Optik 35 237
[24] 张鹄翔 2021 硕士学位论文 (杭州: 浙江大学)
Zhang H X 2021 M. S. Thesis (Hangzhou: Zhejiang University
[25] Shi Y S, Yang X B 2017 J. Opt. 19 115703
Google Scholar
[26] Shi Y S, Yang X B 2017 Chin. Phys. Lett. 34 114204
Google Scholar
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