Low-loss integrated dynamic polarization controller based on silicon photonics

Zhao Qian-Ru; Wang Xu-Yang; Jia Yan-Xiang; Zhang Yun-Jie; Lu Zhen-Guo; Qian Yi; Zou Jun; Li Yong-Min

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20231214

Abstract

A dynamic polarization controller (DPC) is an important component in fiber optic communication, optical imaging, and quantum technologies. The DPC can transform any input state of polarization (SOP) into any desired SOP to overcome polarization-related impairments resulting from high internally and externally induced birefringence. In this work, a low-loss silicon photonics-integrated DPC is designed and demonstrated experimentally. The whole chip is fabricated by using industry-standard silicon-on-insulator technology. Using the edge-coupling method, the coupler loss is reduced to less than 2 dB, and the total loss of DPC is reduced to 5.7 dB. Using a variable-step simulated annealing method, for a low-noise photodetector and high-static-extinction-ratio device, a dynamic polarization extinction ratio can reach more than 30 dB. The size of the DPC on the chip is 5.20 mm × 0.12 mm × 0.80 mm.The DPC utilizes a 0°/45°/0°/45° structure, which can realize arbitrary polarization-based coordinate conversion with endless polarization control. The 0° and 45° transform structures and matrices are presented, and the principle of the 0° and 45° structures is explained in detail by using the Poincaré sphere.A simulation using Lumerical is conducted to optimize the polarization rotator-splitter, which can transform the TM₀ mode light in one waveguide into the TE₀ mode light in the other waveguide while the TE₀ mode light in one waveguide remains unchanged. Based on the optimized structure, the static polarization extinction ratio of DPC can be measured to be a value greater than 40 dB.The thermal phase shift (TPS) is characterized by using a Mach–Zehnder modulator. The length of the TPS is 400 μm, and the resistance of the metal heater is 2.00 kΩ. The maximum power consumed by the four TPSs is a total of 0.2 W. The modulation bandwidth of the DPC designed by our group is approximately 30 kHz. By considering an applied voltage of 5.6 V in the case of the TPS, the bandwidth–voltage product is 5.6 × 30 = 168 kHz·V.To optimize the DPC parameters, such as the step length, electronic noise, and static polarization extinction ratio, numerical simulation results of the simulated annealing approach are analyzed in detail.In conclusion, a low-loss silicon photonics-integrated DPC is designed and demonstrated experimentally. A dynamic polarization extinction ratio is obtained to be greater than 30 dB by using the variable-step simulated annealing method. The DPC is expected to be utilized in fiber or quantum communication systems to minimize size and further decrease costs.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
2.
Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
3.
ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China

Corresponding author: Wang Xu-Yang, wangxuyang@sxu.edu.cn ; Li Yong-Min, yongmin@sxu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province, China (Grant No. 202103021224010), the Shanxi Provincial Foundation for Returned Scholars, China (Grant No. 2022-016), the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 20200020115001), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62175138, 62205188, 11904219), the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, China (Grant No. KF202006), and the “1331 Project” for Key Subject Construction of Shanxi Province, China.

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References

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[2]	Dai D X, Li C L, Wang S P, Wu H, Shi Y C, Wu Z H, Gao S M, Dai T G, Yu H, Tsang H K 2018 Laser Photonics Rev. 12 1700109 Google Scholar
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[8]	Wang X Y, Liu W Y, Wang P, Li Y M 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 062330 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 端面耦合结构及模场分布　(a) 端面耦合结构图; (b) A端模场分布图; (c) B端模场分布图

Figure 1. Edge-coupling structure and mode fields: (a) Edge-coupling structure; (b) mode field at position A; (c) mode fields at position B.

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图 2 偏振旋转分束结构示意图

Figure 2. The structure of polarization rotator-splitter.

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图 3 各种模式光场传输效率与偏振旋转分束结构长度的关系　(a) TE₀, TM₀和TE₁模式的光场传输效率与偏振旋转结构的长度$ {L_{\text{r}}} $的关系; (b) TE₀和TE₁模式的光场传输效率与偏振分束结构的长度$ {L_{\text{s}}} $的关系

Figure 3. The relationships between the transmission efficiencies of different modes and the polarization rotator-splitter length: (a) The relationships between the transmission efficiencies of TE₀, TM₀ and TE₁ modes and the length of polarization rotator structure $ {L_{\text{r}}} $; (b) the relationships between the transmission efficiencies of TE₀ , TE₁ mode and the length of polarization splitter structure $ {L_{\mathrm{s}}} $.

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图 4 传递矩阵对应的等效波导结构　(a) 矩阵$ {{\boldsymbol{M}}_0} $的等效波导结构; (b) 矩阵$ {{\boldsymbol{M}}_{45}} $的等效波导结构; (c) 矩阵$ {{\boldsymbol{M}}_0} $和$ {{\boldsymbol{M}}_{45}} $对任意偏振态$ P $在庞加莱球上的变换轨迹; TPS: 热相移器

Figure 4. Equivalent waveguide structures of transfer matrices: (a) Equivalent waveguide structure of matrix ${{\boldsymbol{M}}_0} $; (b) equivalent waveguide structure of matrix $ {{\boldsymbol{M}}_{45}} $; (c) the transform traces of matrix $ {{\boldsymbol{M}}_0} $and matrix $ {{\boldsymbol{M}}_{45}} $ on arbitrary polarization state $ P $ in Poincare sphere; TPS: Thermal phase shift.

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图 5 基于硅基光电子芯片的动态偏振控制器结构　(a) 与波导0°/45°/0°/45°结构对应的片上动态偏振控制器结构; (b) 实际片上动态偏振控制器结构

Figure 5. The structures of dynamic polarization controller on silicon photonics chip: (a) The structure of dynamic polarization controller corresponding to 0°/45°/0°/45° structure; (b) the simplified structure of dynamic polarization controller on chip.

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图 6 基于模拟退火算法的偏振锁定仿真结果　(a) 采用各种固定步长及可变步长锁定后的偏振消光比; (b) 考虑探测器电子学噪声时采用固定步长的仿真锁定结果; (c) 考虑探测器噪声和静态消光比时采用固定步长的仿真锁定结果; (d) 考虑探测器噪声和静态消光比时采用固定步长和可变步长的锁定结果; EN: 电子学噪声, SER: 静态消光比

Figure 6. The simulation of polarization locking using simulated annealing method: (a) The extinction ratios of polarization locking using fixed steps and variable steps methods; (b) the polarization locking results using fixed steps considering electronic noise; (c) the polarization locking results using fixed steps considering electronic noise and static extinction ratio; (d) the polarization locking results using fixed steps and variable steps considering electronic noise and static extinction ratio. EN: electronic noise, SER: static extinction ratio.

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图 7 动态偏振控制实验示意图及芯片实物图　(a) 动态偏振控制实验示意图; (b) 低噪声光电探测器示意图; (c) 硅基动态偏振控制器及外围电路; (d) 硅基芯片俯视图; (e)透镜光纤与硅基芯片端面耦合的显微镜图; (f) 硅基动态偏振控制器显微镜图; VOA, 可调光衰减器; MPC, 手动偏振控制器; PBS, 偏振分束器; MF I/O card, 多功能输入输出卡

Figure 7. The scheme of experimental setup about locking the polarization and related photographs: (a) The scheme of experimental setup; (b) the scheme of low noise photodetector; (c) the microscope photograph of whole silicon photonics chip and related circuits; (d) the vertical view of whole silicon photonics chip; (e) the microscope photograph of aligning the fiber lens with chip edges; (f) the microscope photograph of silicon photonics integrated dynamic polarization controller. VOA: Variable optics attenuator; MPC: Manual polarization controller; PBS: Polarization beam splitter; MF I/O card: Multi-function I/O card.

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图 8 热相移器特性图　(a) 热相移器的热功率和相移关系图; (b) MZI调制器的上升和下降时间

Figure 8. The characteristics of thermal phase shift: (a) The relationship of thermal power and phase shift; (b) the rise and fall time of the MZI modulator.

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图 9 采用固定步长和可变步长时基于硅基芯片的偏振锁定结果

Figure 9. Experiment results of polarization locking using fixed or variable steps based on silicon photonics integrated dynamic polarization controller.

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表 1 静态偏振消光比测试数据

Table 1. Test data for static polarization extinction ratios.

测试数据和相应静态偏振消光比							平均值
测试1	光路2功率/nW	37	32	35	36	38	35.6
测试1	偏振消光比/dB	41.3	41.9	41.5	41.4	41.1	41.44
测试2	光路1功率/nW	38	37	35	38	34	36.4
测试2	偏振消光比/dB	41.1	41.3	41.5	41.1	41.6	41.32
测试3	光路1功率/nW	46	41	46	46	46	45
测试3	偏振消光比/dB	40.3	40.8	40.3	40.3	40.3	40.4
测试4	光路2功率/nW	45	47	45	45	48	46
测试4	偏振消光比/dB	40.5	40.2	40.5	40.5	40.1	40.36

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[1]	Wang J, He S L, Dai D X 2014 Laser Photonics Rev. 8 L18 Google Scholar
[2]	Dai D X, Li C L, Wang S P, Wu H, Shi Y C, Wu Z H, Gao S M, Dai T G, Yu H, Tsang H K 2018 Laser Photonics Rev. 12 1700109 Google Scholar
[3]	Chen Z Y, Yan L S, Pan Y, Jiang L, Yi A L, Pan W, Luo B 2016 Light-Sci. Appl. 6 e16207 Google Scholar
[4]	殷玉龙, 孙晓兵, 宋茂新, 陈卫, 陈斐楠 2019 68 024203 Google Scholar Yin Y L, Sun X B, Song M X, Chen W, Chen F N 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 024203 Google Scholar
[5]	Ding D S, Zhang W, Zhou Z Y, Shi S, Shi B S, Guo G C 2015 Nat. Photonics 9 332 Google Scholar
[6]	Tian Y, Wang P, Liu J Q, Du S N, Liu W Y, Lu Z G, Wang X Y, Li Y M 2022 Optica 9 492 Google Scholar
[7]	陈烈裕, 李占成, 程化, 田建国, 陈树琪 2021 光学学报 41 0823106 Google Scholar Chen L Y, Li Z C, Chen H, Tian J G, Chen S Q 2021 Acta Opt. Sin. 41 0823106 Google Scholar
[8]	Wang X Y, Liu W Y, Wang P, Li Y M 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 062330 Google Scholar
[9]	Zhang Y C, Chen Z Y, Pirandola S, Wang X Y, Zhou C, Chu B J, Zhao Y J, Xu B J, Yu S, Guo H 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 010502 Google Scholar
[10]	Liu S S, Lu Z G, Wang P, Tian Y, Wang X Y, Li Y M 2023 NPJ Quantum Inf. 9 92 Google Scholar
[11]	Xin G F, Shen L, Pi H Y, Chen D J, Cai H W, Feng H Z, Geng J X, Qu R H, Chen G T, Fang Z J, Chen W B 2012 Chin. Opt. Lett. 10 101403 Google Scholar
[12]	Zhang P Y, Lu L L, Qu F C, Jiang X H, Zheng X D, Lu Y Q, Zhu S N, Ma X S 2020 Chin. Opt. Lett. 18 082701 Google Scholar
[13]	李申, 马海强, 吴令安, 翟光杰 2013 62 084214 Google Scholar Li S, Ma H Q, Wu L A, Zhai G J 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 084214 Google Scholar
[14]	Ma C X, Sacher W D, Tang Z Y, Mikkelsen J C, Yang Y, Xu F H, Thiessen T, Lo H K, Poon J K S 2016 Optica 3 1274 Google Scholar
[15]	Sibson P, Kennard J E, Stanisic S, Erven C, O’Brien J L, Thompson M G 2017 Optica 4 172 Google Scholar
[16]	Liu W Y, Cao Y X, Wang X Y, Li Y M 2020 Phys. Rev. A 102 032625 Google Scholar
[17]	Tian Y, Zhang Y, Liu S S, Wang P, Lu Z G, Wang X Y, Li Y M 2023 Opt. Lett 48 2953 Google Scholar
[18]	Tomohiro N, Takefumi N, Mamoru E, Ruofan H, Takahiro K, Takeshi U, Akira F 2023 Opt. Express 31 19236 Google Scholar
[19]	Sarmiento-Merenguel J D, Halir R, Le Roux X, Alonso-Ramos C, Vivien L, Cheben P, Durán-Valdeiglesias E, Molina-Fernández I, Marris-Morini D, Xu D X, Schmid J H 2015 Optica 2 1019 Google Scholar
[20]	Kim J W, Park S H, Chu W S, Oh M C 2012 Opt. Express 20 12443 Google Scholar
[21]	Velha P, Sorianello V, Preite M V, De Angelis G, Cassese T, Bianchi A, Testa A, Romagnoli M 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 5656 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhou H L, Zhao Y H, Wei Y X, Li F, Dong J J, Zhang X L 2019 Nanophotonics 8 2257 Google Scholar
[23]	Wang X Y, Jia Y X, Guo X B, Liu J Q , Wang S F , Liu W Y , Sun F Y, Li Y M 2022 Chin. Opt. Lett. 20 041301 Google Scholar
[24]	Sacher W. D, Barwicz T, Taylor B. J. F, Poon J. K. S 2014 Opt. Express 22 3777 Google Scholar
[25]	Zou J, Ma X, Xia X, Wang C H, Zhang M, Hu J H, Wang X Y, He J J 2021 J. Lightwave Technol. 39 2431 Google Scholar
[26]	张晓光, 段高燕, 席丽霞 2009 光学学报 29 1173 Google Scholar Zhang X G, Duan G Y, Xi L X 2009 Acta Opt. Sin. 29 1173 Google Scholar
[27]	L. Moller 2001 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 13 585 Google Scholar
[28]	Yassin B, Zeriab E S M, Lahcen A 2023 J. Optim. Theory Appl. 197 438 Google Scholar
[29]	Shen Y D, Dong Y C, Han X X, Wu J D, Xue K, Jin M Z, Xie G, Xu X Y 2023 Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 48 24560 Google Scholar
[30]	Kuznetsov A, Karpinski M, Ziubina R, Kandiy S, Frontoni E, Peliukh O, Veselska O, Kozak R 2023 Information 14 259 Google Scholar
[31]	Wang Z S, Wu Y H 2023 Processes 11 861 Google Scholar
[32]	Siew S Y, Li B, Gao F, Zheng H Y, Zhang W, Guo P, Xie S W, Song A, Dong B, Luo L W, Li C, Luo X, Lo G Q 2021 J. Light. Technol. 39 4374 Google Scholar
[33]	Cheben P, Schmid J H, Wang S R, Xu D X, Vachon M, Janz S, Lapointe J, Painchaud Y, Picard M J 2015 Opt. Express 23 22553 Google Scholar

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