-
连续变量量子密钥分发系统中, 本地光场和信号光场采用时分复用, 偏振复用方式通过长距离单模光纤传输. 外界复杂环境会使单模光纤产生双折射效应, 导致本地光场和信号光场的偏振态漂移, 严重影响接收端平衡零拍探测结果. 因此, 高效动态偏振控制单元是推动系统外场实用化进程的关键技术. 本文理论上证明了系统接收端仅考虑任意偏振消光比输出时, 偏振控制单元只需两个控制自由度即可. 在此基础上将贝叶斯参数估计方法有效融入混沌-猴群算法, 同时在现场可编程逻辑门阵列硬件上实现控制算法, 结合积分型光场探测器建立动态偏振控制单元, 仿真和实验结果表明单次偏振控制静态消光比达到30 dB以上的平均周期为400 µs. 为了应对偏振态连续变化情况, 将动态偏振控制单元集成到连续变量量子密钥分发系统, 实验测试了偏振态扰动速率在0—2 krad/s范围内系统仍然能够正常运转.
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关键词:
- 连续变量量子密钥分发 /
- 贝叶斯参数估计方法 /
- 猴群算法 /
- 动态偏振控制器
In a commercial fiber-based quantum key distribution system, the local and signal optical fields are transmitted through long distance fibers by using time division multiplexing and polarization multiplexing. The state of polarization of the optical field is inevitably disturbed by random birefringence of the standard single-mode fiber caused by external complex environments. This drift of the state of polarization significantly affects the balanced homodyne detection results and the secret key rate. Therefore, the key technology of the dynamic polarization control unit is crucial for the system in a large-scale commercial application. We theoretically analyze and prove that the polarization control unit only needs the combination of two degrees of freedom when considering the result of an arbitrary polarization extinction ratio at the receiver of the system. To overcome the influence of polarization variations, we propose a chaotic monkey algorithm based on Bayesian parameter estimation method and implement intelligence algorithm on field programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware under pulsed light with an integral-type detector for the dynamic polarization control unit. The simulation results show that the optimal combination is four degrees of freedom and the optimal prior distribution is an exponential distribution among various distributions in the dynamic polarization control unit. According to the simulation results, the experimental results show that the achieved polarization extinction ratio is over 30 dB and the average time of polarization control is 400 μs for a single random polarization scrambling. By combining the dynamic polarization control unit with the system, we demonstrate the continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) under a continuous polarization scrambling scope of 0－2 krad/s and verify its effectiveness. In addition, the methods presented will improve the performance of the system and expand the range of applications even under strong external disturbance.-
Keywords:
- continuous variable quantum key distribution /
- Bayesian parameter estimation method /
- monkey algorithm /
- dynamic polarization controller
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图 2 调节挤压器延迟量偏振态的变化轨迹 (a) 固定${0^{{\circ }}}$挤压器, 调节${45^{{\circ }}}$挤压器相位延迟量; (b) 调节${0^{{\circ }}}$和${45^{{\circ }}}$挤压器相位延迟量
Fig. 2. Change trajectory of state of polarization when adjusting phase retardation of extruder: (a) Fixing ${0^{{\circ }}}$ extruder, adjusting phase retardation of the ${45^{{\circ }}}$ extruder; (b) adjusting phase retardation of the ${0^{{\circ }}}$ and ${45^{{\circ }}}$ extruders.
图 4 先验分布类型和偏振自由度达到目标偏振态所需迭代次数
Fig. 4. Average number of iterations to achieve target state of polarization based on prior distribution and degrees of freedom of polarization.
图 6 控制目标偏振态迭代次数统计分布
Fig. 6. Statistical distribution of iterations to achieve target of state of polarization.
图 7 单次偏振控制过程中消光比与时间关系
Fig. 7. Observed polarization extinction ratio versus the time for a typical single random polarization control process.
图 8 连续偏振扰动速率对系统关键参数影响 (a) 通道传输效率; (b) 额外噪声
Fig. 8. Influence of continuous polarization scrambling on key parameters of the system: (a) Channel transmittance; (b) excess noise.
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[1] Tian Y, Wang P, Liu J Q, Du S N, Liu W Y, Lu Z G, Wang X Y, Li Y M 2022 Optica 9 492
Google Scholar
[2] Ren S Y, Wang Y, Su X L 2022 Sci. China Inform. Sci. 65 200502
Google Scholar
[3] Ma L, Yang J, Zhang T, Shao Y, Liu J L, Luo Y J, Wang H, Huang W, Fan F, Zhou C, Zhang L L, Zhang S, Zhang Y C, Li Y, Xu B J 2023 Sci. China Inform. Sci. 66 180507
Google Scholar
[4] Gisin N, Ribordy G, Tittel W, Zbinden H 2002 Rev. Mod. Phys. 74 145
Google Scholar
[5] Grosshans F, Grangier P 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 057902
Google Scholar
[6] Grosshans F, Assche G V, Wenger J, Brouri R, Cerf N J, Grangier P 2003 Nature 421 238
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[7] Lodewyck J, Bloch M, García-Patrón R, Fossier S, Karpov E, Diamanti E, Debuisschert T, Cerf N J, Tualle-Brouri R, Mclaughlin S W, Grangier P 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 042305
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[8] Jouguet P, Kunz-Jacques S, Leverrier A, Grangier P, Diamanti E 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 378
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[9] Weedbrook C, Pirandola S, García-Patrón R, Cerf N J, Ralph T C, Shapiro J H, Lloyd S 2012 Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 621
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[10] 刘建强, 王旭阳, 白增量, 李永民 2016 65 100303
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Li W W, Zhang X M, Chen K S, Zou Y Y 2005 Acta Photon. Sin. 34 820
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Google Scholar
[23] 李伟文, 金晓峰, 章献民, 陈抗生 2006 浙江大学学报:工学版 40 443
Li W W, Jin X F, Zhang X M, Chen K S 2006 J. Zhejiang Univ. (Eng. Sci.) 40 443
[24] Zhu J J, Zhang X G, Duan G Y, Wang Q G 2006 Semi. Photon. Tech. 12 217
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Zhang Q Y, Zhu Y, Su Y, Zhou H, Jing J S 2013 Acta Opt. Sin. 33 0506001
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Cao R L, Peng Q X, Wang J D, Chen Y J, Huang Y F, Yu Y F, Wei Z J, Zhang Z M 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 130306
Google Scholar
[32] 周琦, 苏成志, 马万卓 2022 激光杂志 43 32
Zhou Q, Su C Z, Ma W Z 2022 Laser J. 43 32
[33] Muga N J, Ramos M F, Mantey S T, Silva N A, Pinto A N 2020 IET Optoelectron. 14 350
Google Scholar
[34] Mekhtiev E E, Gerasin I S, Rudavin N V, Duplinsky A V, Kurochkin Y V 2021 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2086 012092
Google Scholar
[35] Wang T, Huang P, Wang S Y, Zeng G H 2019 Opt. Express 27 26689
Google Scholar
[36] Zhou M S, Li Y Q, Xiang Z H, Swoboda G, Cen Z Z 2007 Tsinghua Sci. Technol. 12 546
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[38] CappÉ O, Godsill S J, Moulines E 2007 Proc. IEEE 95 899
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[43] Barker A L, Brown D E, Martin W N 1995 Comput. Math. Appl. 30 55
Google Scholar
[44] Cohn S E 1997 J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn. 75 257
Google Scholar
[45] Zhuang L F, Pan F, Ding F 2012 Appl. Math. Model. 36 3454
Google Scholar
[46] Ying M S 2010 Artif. Intell. 174 162
Google Scholar
[47] Lamata L, Sanz M, Solano E 2019 Adv. Quantum Technol. 2 1900075
Google Scholar
[48] Liu D, Pei C X, Quan D X, Zhao N 2010 Chin. Phys. Lett. 27 050306
Google Scholar
[49] Li X H, Zhou P, Liang Y J, Li C Y, Zhou H Y, Deng F G 2006 Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 1080
Google Scholar
[50] Haykin S 2005 IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 23 201
Google Scholar
[51] Corsi F, Galtarossa A, Palmieri L 1998 J. Lightw. Technol. 16 1832
Google Scholar
[52] Galtarossa A, Schiano M, Someda C G, Daino B, Matera F, Zaninello R, Bergamin F 1991 Electron. Lett. 27 595
Google Scholar
[53] 谢晓新, 徐森禄 1990 陕西师大学报(自然科学版) 18 82
Xie X X, Xu S L 1990 J. Shaanxi Normal Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 18 82
[54] Xu X P, Zhang D J 2018 Comput. Eng. Appl. 54 144
[55] Zhao R Q, Tang W S 2008 J. Uncertain Syst. 2 165
[56] Alfaro M E, Holder M T 2006 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37 19
Google Scholar
[57] Dempster A P, Laird N M, Rubin D B 1977 J. R. Stat. Soc. Series B 39 1
[58] Reimherr M, Meng X L, Nicolae D L 2021 J. R. Stat. Soc. Series B 83 413
Google Scholar
[59] 张晓光, 席丽霞, 崔楠, 张虎, 肖晓晟, 唐先锋 2023 光纤通信系统中的偏振光学 (北京: 清华大学出版社) 第18—36页
Zhang X G, Xi L X, Cui N, Zhang H, Xiao X S, Tang X F 2023 Polarization Optics in Optical Fiber Communication (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press) pp18–36
[60] 张晓光, 段高燕, 席丽霞 2009 光学学报 29 1173
Google Scholar
Zhang X G, Duan G Y, Xi L X 2009 Acta Opt. Sin. 29 1173
Google Scholar
[61] Franceschetti G, Smith C P 1981 J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71 1487
Google Scholar
[62] Baptista M S 1998 Phys. Lett. A 240 50
Google Scholar
[63] 安毓英, 曾晓东, 冯喆珺 2010 光电探测与信号处理 (北京: 科学出版社) 第172—180页
An Y Y, Zeng X D, Feng Z J 2010 Photoelectric Detection and Signal Processing (Beijing: Science Press) pp172–180
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