Miniaturized optical vortex mode demultiplexer: Principle, fabrication, and applications

Yang Xin-Yu; Ye Hua-Peng; Li Pei-Yun; Liao He-Lin; Yuan Dong; Zhou Guo-Fu

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20231521

Abstract

Vortex beams have attracted extensive attention in recent decade due to the carried optical orbital angular momentum (OAM). Vortex beams carrying different OAM modes are orthogonal to each other, and thus have become highly promising in realizing high-capacity optical communication systems. This review is to introduce the fundamental principles of optical OAM mode demultiplexing, recent advances in the fabrication techniques and emerging applications in high-capacity optical communications. First, this review introduces the development history of the working principle of OAM mode demultiplexer. Subsequently, a variety of preparation techniques and emerging applications of OAM mode demultiplexing are discussed in detail. Finally, we provide an in-depth analysis and outlook for the future trends and prospects of the OAM mode demultiplexer.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
2.
Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China

Corresponding author: Ye Hua-Peng, yehp@m.scnu.edu.cn ; Yuan Dong, yuandong@scnu.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61805087), the Special Program on Key Fields for Colleges and Universities of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2021ZDZX1048), the Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2017B030301007), and the National Green Optoelectronics International Joint Research Center (Grant No. 2016B01018).

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References

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图 1 基于马赫-曾德干涉仪的OAM分选方案　(a) OAM分类器的第1阶段; (b) OAM分类器的前3个阶段, 每个灰色框代表(a)图所示的干涉仪^[41]; (c) 基于柱面透镜干涉的OAM多路复用器/解复用器方案; (d) l = 0时, BER的测量值随OAM模式解复用后接收的光功率的变化规律, 正方形为单个OAM模式, 不受l = 1模式串扰, 三角形为两个OAM模式, 受l = 1 模式串扰^[46]

Figure 1. The schematic of the OAM sorter based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer: (a) The first stage of the OAM sorter; (b) the first three stages of the OAM sorter, the gray boxes in each stage represent the interferometer shown in Fig. 1(a) ^[41]; (c) OAM multiplexer/demultiplexer based on interference via cylindrical lens; (d) BER values measured against the received optical power after OAM demultiplexing for mode l = 0, line denoted with triangles represents two OAM modes with crosstalk because of mode l = 1, while line denoted with squares represents single OAM mode without crosstalk^[46].

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图 2 利用对数-极坐标转换法实现OAM模式分离的原理　(a) 对数-极坐标转换法实验装置图^[50]; (b) 基于对数-极坐标变换的紧凑OAM模式解复用方案^[52]; (c) 使用折射光学元件将 OAM 状态转换为横向动量状态的光路示意图^[51]

Figure 2. The principle of realizing OAM mode separation based on logarithmic-polar coordinate transformation method: (a) The schematic of the experimental setup based on log-polar coordinate transformation method ^[50]; (b) the scheme of compact OAM mode demultiplexer based on logarithmic-polar coordinate transformation method^[52]; (c) the optical path of converting the OAM state into a transverse momentum state using refractive optical elements^[51].

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图 3 (a) 模式复制方案分选的光路图^[58]; (b) 螺旋极坐标转换原理与对数极坐标转换原理的对比示意图; (c) 螺旋极坐标转换原理的分选光路图^[59]

Figure 3. (a) The schematic of the experimental setup of the mode sorter based on refractive beam-copying method^[58]; (b) comparison between the principle of spiral-polar coordinate transformation method and the principle of the log-polar coordinate transformation method; (c) the diagram of the optical path based on spiral-polar coordinate transformation method^[59].

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图 4 (a) 用于HG/LG叠加态分解的多平面光转换器件^[60]; (b) 准小波共形映射示意图^[66]; (c) 基于光衍射神经网络的宽带、低串扰和大信道OAM模式解复用^[60]

Figure 4. (a) Multi-plane optical converter for HG/LG superposition state decomposition^[60]; (b) the schematic of quasi-wavelet conformal mapping^[66]; (c) low crosstalk OAM mode demultiplexer based on optical diffraction neural network^[60].

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图 5 (a) 光子的SAM变化转换为OAM的装置示意图^[76]; (b) 基于达曼光栅进行OAM(解)复用的自由空间光通信示意图^[22]; (c) 使用双光子光刻技术在少模光纤表面上制造涡旋光栅示意图^[80]; (d)基于电子束刻蚀法制作的超表面流程图^[81]

Figure 5. (a) The schematic of SAM-OAM mode converter^[76]; (b) the schematic of free-space optical communication based on Dammann grating for OAM (de)multiplexing^[22]; (c) the details of fabricating vortex gratings on the surface of few-mode optical fibers using two-photon lithography^[80]; (d) flow chart of producing metasurface based on electron beam etching^[81].

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图 6 (a) Pancharatnam-Berry光学元件器件的相位分布图^[88]; (b) 基于使用单层超表面的太赫兹频段 OAM 复用方案的天线结构示意图^[89]; (c) 携带OAM的光束的光电流测量示意图^[90]

Figure 6. (a) Phase distribution of Pancharatnam-Berry photonic device^[88]; (b) the schematic of the nanoantenna of single-layer metasurface for terahertz OAM multiplexing^[89]; (c) the schematic of the photocurrent measurement for optical beams carrying OAM^[90]

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图 7 (a)载有信息的涡旋光束的复用/解复用以及偏振复用/解复用^[98]; (b)埃尔朗根天际线1.6 km远的自由空间扭曲光路径和实验装置图^[103]; (c) 用于表征生成的涡旋光束的实验装置^[104]; (d) OAM-SDM-WDM数据传输的实验装置^[105]; (e) OAM复用光纤通信系统的实验装置, 实验装置包括发射器、OAM(解)复用器和接收器^[80]

Figure 7. (a) De/multiplexing of OAM beams carrying information and de/multiplexing of polarization^[98]; (b) 1.6 km free-space link in the city of Erlangen and the corresponding experimental setup^[103]; (c) experimental setup for characterizing the generated OAM beam^[104]; (d) experimental setup of OAM-SDM-WDM data transmission^[105]; (e) experimental setup of the optical fiber communication system for OAM multiplexing, including a transmitter, an OAM, de/multiplexer and a receiver^[80].

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map

[1]	Webb W, Hanzo L 1994 Modern Quadrature Amplitude Modulation: Principles and Applications for Wireless Communications (Hoboken: Wiley-IEEE Press
[2]	Mukherjee B 2006 Optical WDM Networks (New York: Springer
[3]	Hanzo L, Ng S X, Keller T, Webb W 2004 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (Hoboken: Wiley-IEEE Press
[4]	Rubinsztein-Dunlop H, Forbes A, Berry M V 2017 J. Opt. 19 013001 Google Scholar
[5]	Forbes A, De Oliveira M, Dennis M R 2021 Nat. Photon. 15 253 Google Scholar
[6]	Allen L, Beijersbergen M W, Spreeuw R J C, Woerdman J P 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 8185 Google Scholar
[7]	Van Enk S J, Nienhuis G 1992 Opt. Commun. 94 147 Google Scholar
[8]	Beijersbergen M W, Allen L, Van Der Veen H E L O, Woerdman J P 1993 Opt. Commun. 96 123 Google Scholar
[9]	Molina-Terriza G, Torres J P, Torner L 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 305 Google Scholar
[10]	Padgett M J 2017 Opt. Express 25 11265 Google Scholar
[11]	Tkachenko G, Chen M Z, Dholakia K, Mazilu M 2017 Optica 4 330 Google Scholar
[12]	Zhang Y, Shi W, Shen Z, Man Z, Min C, Shen J, Zhu S, Urbach H P, Yuan X 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 15446 Google Scholar
[13]	Tamburini F, Anzolin G, Umbriaco G, Bianchini A, Barbieri C 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 163903 Google Scholar
[14]	Xie G, Song H, Zhao Z, Milione G, Ren Y, Liu C, Zhang R, Bao C, Li L, Wang Z, Pang K, Starodubov D, Lynn B, Tur M, Willner A E 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 4482 Google Scholar
[15]	Qiu C W, Yang Y 2017 Science 357 645 Google Scholar
[16]	Swartzlander J G A, Ford E L, Abdul-Malik R S, Close L M, Peters M A, Palacios D M, Wilson D W 2008 Opt. Express 16 10200 Google Scholar
[17]	Tamburini F, Thide B, Molina-Terriza G, Anzolin G 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 195 Google Scholar
[18]	Fang X, Ren H, Gu M 2019 Nat. Photonics 14 102 Google Scholar
[19]	Erhard M, Fickler R, Krenn M, Zeilinger A 2018 Light Sci. Appl. 7 17146 Google Scholar
[20]	Wang J 2016 Photon. Res. 4 B14 Google Scholar
[21]	Jia P, Yang Y, Min C J, Fang H, Yuan X C 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 588 Google Scholar
[22]	Lei T, Zhang M, Li Y R, Jia P, Liu G N, Xu X G, Li Z H, Min C J, Lin J, Yu C Y, Niu H B, Yuan X C 2015 Light Sci. Appl. 4 e257 Google Scholar
[23]	Ren Y, Li L, Wang Z, Kamali S M, Arbabi E, Arbabi A, Zhao Z, Xie G, Cao Y, Ahmed N, Yan Y, Liu C, Willner A J, Ashrafi S, Tur M, Faraon A, Willner A E 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 33306 Google Scholar
[24]	Padgett M, Courtial J, Allen L 2004 Phys. Today 57 35 Google Scholar
[25]	Beijersbergen M W, Coerwinkel R P C, Kristensen M, Woerdman J P 1994 Opt. Commun. 112 321 Google Scholar
[26]	Carpentier A V, Michinel H, Salgueiro J R, Olivieri D 2008 Am. J. Phys. 76 916 Google Scholar
[27]	Yu N F, Genevet P, Kats M A, Aieta F, Tetienne J P, Capasso F, Gaburro Z 2011 Science 334 333 Google Scholar
[28]	Cai X, Wang J, Strain M J, Johnson-Morris B, Zhu J, Sorel M, O'Brien J L, Thompson M G, Yu S 2012 Science 338 363 Google Scholar
[29]	Kumar A, Vaity P, Krishna Y, Singh R P 2010 Opt. Laser Eng. 48 276 Google Scholar
[30]	Bouchal Z, Haderka O, Celechovsky R 2005 New J. Phys. 7 125 Google Scholar
[31]	Marrucci L, Karimi E, Slussarenko S, Piccirillo B, Santamato E, Nagali E, Sciarrino F 2011 J. Opt. 13 064001 Google Scholar
[32]	Bozinovic N, Yue Y, Ren Y X, Tur M, Kristensen P, Huang H, Willner A E, Ramachandran S 2013 Science 340 1545 Google Scholar
[33]	Anhauser A, Wunenburger R, Brasselet E 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 034301 Google Scholar
[34]	Jiang X, Li Y, Liang B, Cheng J C, Zhang L K 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 034301 Google Scholar
[35]	Li H, Ren G, Zhu B, Gao Y, Yin B, Wang J, Jian S 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 179 Google Scholar
[36]	Verbeeck J, Tian H, Schattschneider P 2010 Nature 467 301 Google Scholar
[37]	Liu C M, Liu J S, Niu L T, Wei X L, Wang K J, and Yang Z G 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 3891 Google Scholar
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[39]	Ambuj A, Vyas R, Singh S 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 5475 Google Scholar
[40]	Tao H, Liu Y, Chen Z, Pu J 2012 Appl. Phys. B 106 927 Google Scholar
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