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Achieving tunable focus of electromagnetic field energy at multiple target points is a critical challenge in the wireless power transfer (WPT) domain. In order to solve this problem, some techniques such as optimal constrained power focusing (OCPF) and time reversal (TR) have been proposed. The former presents limited practical applicability while the latter is noteworthy for its adaptive spatiotemporal synchronous focusing characteristics. However, the time reversal mirror (TRM) method necessitates intricate pretesting and has highly complex systems. In this study, we introduce a novel channel processing method, named channel extraction, selection, weighting, and reconstruction (CESWR), to attain balanced power distribution for multiple users, featuring low complexity, high computability, and rapid convergence. Unlike the traditional TR approach, our proposed method, based on channel correlation considerations, filters the channel impulse response (CIR) for multiple targets, dividing them into distinct characteristic and similar components for each target. This method ensures focused generation at both receiving ends while facilitating high-precision regulation of the peak voltage of the received signal. Furthermore, this study implements a rigorous examination of the linearity intrinsic to the proposed method, explicating a singular correspondence between the tuning of theoretical weights and the resultant outcomes. In order to verify the efficacy of this method, we construct a single-input multiple-output time-reversal cavity (SIMO-TRC) system. Subsequent experiments conducted for both loosely and tightly correlated models, provide invaluable insights. Evidently, in the loosely correlated model, the CESWR method exhibits proficiency in attaining a peak voltage ratio (PVR) of nearly 1.00 at the two receivers, with a minuscule numerical discrepancy of merely
$8 \times {10^{ - 6}}$ mV. In stark contrast, under the tightly correlated model, the CESWR method demonstrates an enhanced ability to differentiate between two targets, thus offering a noticeable improvement over the classic single-target TR method.-
Keywords:
- time-reversal /
- channel processing /
- multi-target focusing
[1] Wang B, Wu Y, Han F, Yang Y H, Liu K R 2011 IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 29 1698
Google Scholar
[2] Han F, Yang Y H, Wang B, Wu Y, Liu K R 2012 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference-GLOBECOM 2011 Houston, TX, USA, December 5–9, 2011 p1
[3] Nguyen H T, Andersen J B, Pedersen G F, Kyritsi P, Eggers P C 2006 IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 5 2242
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[8] Iero D A, Crocco L, Isernia T 2013 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 62 814
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[10] Carminati R, Pierrat R, De Rosny J, Fink M 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 3107
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[12] Hong S, Park H 2018 Electron. Lett. 54 768
Google Scholar
[13] Drikas Z B, Addissie B D, Mendez V M, Raman S 2020 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 68 3355
Google Scholar
[14] Li B, Zhang Q, Zhao D, Yang Y 2022 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC) Beijing, China, September 1–4, 2022 p356
[15] Drikas Z B, Addissie B D, Mendez V M, Raman S 2021 IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett. 32 177
Google Scholar
[16] Wang K, Shao W, Ou H, Wang B Z 2017 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 16 2828
Google Scholar
[17] Razzaghi R, Lugrin G, Manesh H, Romero C, Paolone M, Rachidi F 2013 IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 28 1663
Google Scholar
[18] Codino A, Wang Z, Razzaghi R, Paolone M, Rachidi F 2017 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 59 1601
Google Scholar
[19] Sun J, Yang Q, Cui H, Ran J, Liu H 2021 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 63 1921
Google Scholar
[20] Ding S, Fang Y, Zhu J F, Yang Y, Wang B Z 2019 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 67 1386
Google Scholar
[21] Ibrahim R, Voyer D, Bréard A, Huillery J, Vollaire C, Allard B, Zaatar Y 2016 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 64 2159
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Zhang Z Y, Li B, Liu S Q, Zhang H L, Hu B J, Zhao D S, Wang C N 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 014101
Google Scholar
[23] Derode A, Tourin A, Fink M 1999 J. Appl. Phys. 85 6343
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Lu X C, Qiu Y, Tian J, Wang H B, Jiang L, Chen X 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 024101
Google Scholar
[25] Cramer R M, Scholtz R A, Win M Z 2002 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 50 561
Google Scholar
[26] Lerosey G, De Rosny J, Tourin A, Fink M 2007 Science 315 1120
Google Scholar
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图 1 基于CESWR方法的TR方法示意图
Figure 1. Schematic of the principle of proposed SIMO-TRC system based on the TR using CESWR method.
图 2 腔体和UWB单极子天线实物 (a) TRC的结构和尺寸大小; (b) 腔体内部结构和实验使用的超宽带天线
Figure 2. Cavity and UWB monopole antenna: (a) Structure dimensions and appearance of the cavity; (b) position of the antenna inside the cavity and the ultrawideband monopole antenna used in the experiment.
图 3 实验流程示意图, 其中
$x(t)$ 是发送的高斯脉冲信号, 峰值电压为0.6 V; 红色框内的步骤需要进行多次Figure 3. Schematic of the experiment set up.
$x(t)$ is the transmitted Gaussian pulse signal with peak voltage of 0.6 V; the steps in the red circle need to be operated several times.
图 4 信道提取和筛选后的结果 (a) Rx1的接收信号和Rx2的接收信号; (b) 信道提取结果(RMSE = 0.2%); (c) 信道筛选后Rx1和Rx2各自的特征部分; (d) 信道筛选后的相似部分
Figure 4. Receive signals after transmitting the pulse and processing results: (a) Receive signals of Rx1 plotted in blue and Rx2 plotted in yellow; (b) channel extraction results (RMSE = 0.2%); (c) characteristic parts after channel selecting; (d) the similar part after channel selecting.
图 5 (a)经典TR操作的接收信号; (b) 基于CESWR的TR操作的接收信号
Figure 5. (a) Received signals of classical TR; (b) received signals of TR using CESWR method.
图 6 强相关实验示意图 (d表示两个接受天线之间的距离)
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the tight correlation experiment (d represents the distance between the two receiving antennas).
表 1 不同的加权系数对应的峰值电压比
Table 1. Peak voltage ratio of different coefficiesnts
峰值电压比 α β 1.000 0.20 0.50 1.381 0.15 0.50 0.696 0.25 0.50 0.766 0.20 0.40 1.262 0.20 0.60 0.367 1.00 1.00 
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表 2 强相关实验峰值电压比和加权系数结果对比
Table 2. Comparison of peak voltage ratio and coefficients in tight-correlation experiments.
峰值电压比 α β 3.741 0 1.00 0.466 1.00 0 3.812 0.10 0.90 3.816 0.08 0.92 0.423 0.90 0.10 0.418 0.92 0.08
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[1] Wang B, Wu Y, Han F, Yang Y H, Liu K R 2011 IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 29 1698
Google Scholar
[2] Han F, Yang Y H, Wang B, Wu Y, Liu K R 2012 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference-GLOBECOM 2011 Houston, TX, USA, December 5–9, 2011 p1
[3] Nguyen H T, Andersen J B, Pedersen G F, Kyritsi P, Eggers P C 2006 IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 5 2242
Google Scholar
[4] Zhao D, Zhu M 2006 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 15 1739
Google Scholar
[5] Bellizzi G G, Bevacqua M T, Crocco L, Isernia T 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 4380
Google Scholar
[6] Li B, Liu S, Zhang H L, Hu B J, Zhao D, Huang Y 2019 IEEE Access 7 114897
Google Scholar
[7] Bellizzi G G, Iero D A, Crocco L, Isernia T 2018 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17 360
Google Scholar
[8] Iero D A, Crocco L, Isernia T 2013 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 62 814
Google Scholar
[9] Lerosey G, De Rosny J, Tourin A, Derode A, Montaldo G, Fink M 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 193904
Google Scholar
[10] Carminati R, Pierrat R, De Rosny J, Fink M 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 3107
Google Scholar
[11] Hong S K, Lathrop E, Mendez V M, Kim J 2015 Prog. Electromagn. Res. 153 113
Google Scholar
[12] Hong S, Park H 2018 Electron. Lett. 54 768
Google Scholar
[13] Drikas Z B, Addissie B D, Mendez V M, Raman S 2020 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 68 3355
Google Scholar
[14] Li B, Zhang Q, Zhao D, Yang Y 2022 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC) Beijing, China, September 1–4, 2022 p356
[15] Drikas Z B, Addissie B D, Mendez V M, Raman S 2021 IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett. 32 177
Google Scholar
[16] Wang K, Shao W, Ou H, Wang B Z 2017 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 16 2828
Google Scholar
[17] Razzaghi R, Lugrin G, Manesh H, Romero C, Paolone M, Rachidi F 2013 IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 28 1663
Google Scholar
[18] Codino A, Wang Z, Razzaghi R, Paolone M, Rachidi F 2017 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 59 1601
Google Scholar
[19] Sun J, Yang Q, Cui H, Ran J, Liu H 2021 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 63 1921
Google Scholar
[20] Ding S, Fang Y, Zhu J F, Yang Y, Wang B Z 2019 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 67 1386
Google Scholar
[21] Ibrahim R, Voyer D, Bréard A, Huillery J, Vollaire C, Allard B, Zaatar Y 2016 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 64 2159
Google Scholar
[22] 张知原, 李冰, 刘仕奇, 张洪林, 胡斌杰, 赵德双, 王楚楠 2022 71 014101
Google Scholar
Zhang Z Y, Li B, Liu S Q, Zhang H L, Hu B J, Zhao D S, Wang C N 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 014101
Google Scholar
[23] Derode A, Tourin A, Fink M 1999 J. Appl. Phys. 85 6343
Google Scholar
[24] 陆希成, 邱扬, 田锦, 汪海波, 江凌, 陈鑫 2022 71 024101
Google Scholar
Lu X C, Qiu Y, Tian J, Wang H B, Jiang L, Chen X 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 024101
Google Scholar
[25] Cramer R M, Scholtz R A, Win M Z 2002 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 50 561
Google Scholar
[26] Lerosey G, De Rosny J, Tourin A, Fink M 2007 Science 315 1120
Google Scholar
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