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Combining cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) and wavelength modulated direct absorption spectroscopy (WM-DAS), a wide range and calibration-free gas concentration detection method is established, which has the advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio of CRDS and fast speed and measurable absolute concentration of WM-DAS. The baseline ring down time (τ0) can be calculated by measuring the absorptivity (WM-DAS) and ring down time (CRDS) at the central frequency of the spectral line, without real-time calibration, which greatly improves the speed of CRDS measurement. The measurement results of different H2S concentrations at 6336.617 cm–1 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure show that the dynamic measurement range of this method can be extended to more than 4 orders of magnitude, the measurement accuracy is improved in comparison with WM-DAS, and the detection limit can reach 1 × 10–9 in 40 s.
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Keywords:
- cavity ring down spectroscopy /
- wavelength modulation-direct absorption spectroscopy /
- wide range /
- calibration free /
- H2S concentration
[1] Li R, C Warneke, Graus M, Field R, Geiger F, Veres P R, Soltis J, Li S M, Murphy S M, Sweeney C, Pétron G, Roberts J M, de Gouw J 2014 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 7 3597
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图 1 实验系统 (a) WM-DAS与 (b) CRDS. ISO, 光纤隔离器; AOM, 声光调制器; APD, 雪崩光电二极管; PD, 光电二极管; DDG, 数字延迟发生器; DAQ, 数据采集卡
Figure 1. System schematic diagram of the (a) WM-DAS and (b) CRDS. ISO, fiber isolator; AOM, acousto-optic modulator; APD, avalanche photodiode; PD, photodiode; DDG, digital delay generator; DAQ, digital acquisition.
图 2 室温常压下, 6336.617 cm–1处测量的有吸收(H2S体积分数为10–4)和无吸收的衰荡时间
Figure 2. Ring down time with and without absorption measured at 6336.617 cm–1 at room temperature and pressure. The volume fraction of H2S is 10–4.
图 3 (a) WM-DAS波长标定; (b) 测量光强It的傅里叶系数
Figure 3. (a) Wavelength calibration of WM-DAS; (b) Fourier coefficients of the measuring light intensity It.
图 4 中心频率ν0处的衰荡信号、透射光信号、吸收系数和H2S体积分数之间的关系
Figure 4. Relationships between ring down signals at ν0, emergent light signals, absorption coefficient and volume fraction of H2S.
图 5 室温常压下两种方法测量的不同体积分数的H2S光谱及其拟合结果 (a) CRDS, 体积分数为1 × 10–7; (b) WM-DAS, 体积分数为1.912 × 10–3
Figure 5. H2S spectra of different volume fraction measured by two methods at room temperature and pressure and their fitting results: (a) CRDS (the volume fraction is 1 × 10–7); (b) WM-DAS (the volume fraction is 1.912 × 10–3).
图 6 室温常压下, 在量程交集区域采用两种方法分别测量的不同体积分数(2 × 10–5—9.5 × 10–5) H2S吸收光谱及其最佳拟合结果 (a) CRDS, 去除了吸收系数基线以便比较; (b) WM-DAS
Figure 6. At room temperature and pressure, the absorption spectra of H2S with different volume fraction (2 × 10–5–9.5 × 10–5) measured by two methods in the intersection area and their best fitting results: (a) CRDS, the baseline of the absorption coefficient measured by CRDS is removed for comparison; (b) WM-DAS.
图 7 (a) 在量程交叉区域, 采用两种方法分别测量的ν0处吸收率和衰荡时间; (b) 利用量程交集区域标定τ0
Figure 7. (a) In the intersection area, the absorptivity and the ring down time at ν0 measured by the two methods; (b) calibrate τ0 using the intersection area.
图 8 (a) 基于WM-DAS和CRDS方法, 并利用计算的τ0实现1.2 × 10–7—1.912 × 10–3的H2S体积分数连续测量及其直方图; (b) 配置浓度与实测体积分数的关系及其最佳线性拟合, 以及拟合绝对残差(Res)和相对残差(RE)
Figure 8. (a) Based on WM-DAS and CRDS, continuous measurement of volume fraction of H2S in a range of 1.2 × 10–7–1.912 × 10–3 by using calculated τ0 and the corresponding histogram analysis; (b) relationship between configuration concentration and measured volume fraction and its best linear fitting, as well as the fitting residual and the relative residual.
图 9 WM-DAS和CRDS两种方法测量的H2S吸收系数及其Allan标准差
Figure 9. The H2S absorption coefficient measured by WM-DAS and CRDS and its Allan standard deviation.
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[1] Li R, C Warneke, Graus M, Field R, Geiger F, Veres P R, Soltis J, Li S M, Murphy S M, Sweeney C, Pétron G, Roberts J M, de Gouw J 2014 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 7 3597
Google Scholar
[2] Saha C K, Feilberg A, Zhang G Q, Adamsen A P S 2011 Sci. Total Environ. 410–411 161
[3] Khan M A H, Whelan M E, Rhew R C 2012 Talanta 88 581
Google Scholar
[4] Guo Y C, Qiu X B, Li N, Feng S L, Cheng T, Liu Q Q, He Q S, Kan R F, Yang H N, Li C L 2020 Infrared Phys. Technol. 105 103153
Google Scholar
[5] Liu D, Feilberg A, Adamsen A P S, Jonassen K E N 2011 Atmos. Environ. 45 3786
Google Scholar
[6] Pal M, Maithani S, Maity A, Pradhan M 2019 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 34 860
Google Scholar
[7] Li J D, Du Y J, Peng Z M, Ding Y J 2019 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 224 197
Google Scholar
[8] Zhao G, Tan W, Jia M Y, Hou J J, Ma W G, Dong L, Zhang L, Feng X X, Wu X C, Yin W B, Xiao L T, Axner O, Jia S T 2016 Sensors 16 1544
Google Scholar
[9] Hanson R K 2011 Proc. Combust. Inst. 33 1
Google Scholar
[10] Wang Z, Peng Z M, Ding Y J, Du Y J 2020 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 37 1144
Google Scholar
[11] Maity A, Pal M, Banik G D, Maithani S, Pradhan M 2017 Laser Phys. Lett. 14 115701
Google Scholar
[12] McHale L E, Martinez B, Miller T W, Yalin A P 2019 Opt. Express 27 20084
Google Scholar
[13] Mao L J, Cai M J, Liu Q Y, Wang G R, Wang X Y 2019 Energy Sci. Eng. 7 2596
Google Scholar
[14] Ko J H, Xu Q Y, Jang Y C 2015 Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Technol. 5 2043
[15] Thorsteinsson T, Hackenbruch J, Sveinbjörnsson E, Jóhannsson T 2013 Geothermics 45 31
Google Scholar
[16] Taira K, Sugiyama T, Einaga H, Nakao K, Suzuki K 2020 J. Catal. 389 611
Google Scholar
[17] Engel G S, Moyer E J 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 704
Google Scholar
[18] Pal M, Maity A, Pradhan, M 2018 Laser Phys. 28 105702
Google Scholar
[19] Klein A, Witzel O, Ebert V 2014 Sensors 14 21497
Google Scholar
[20] Li Z Y, Hua R Z, Xie P H, Wang H C, Lu K D, Wang D 2018 Sci. Total Environ. 614 131
[21] Du Y J, Peng Z M, Ding Y J 2018 Opt. Express 26 9263
Google Scholar
[22] Lan L J, Ding Y J, Peng Z M, Du Y J, Liu Y F, Li Z 2014 Appl. Phys. B 117 543
Google Scholar
[23] Peng Z M, Du Y J, Ding Y J 2020 Sensors 20 681
Google Scholar
[24] Wang Z, Du Y J, Ding Y J, Peng Z M 2020 Sensors 20 585
Google Scholar
[25] Mazurenka M, Wada R, Shillings A J L, Butler T J A, Beames J M, Orr-Ewing A J 2005 Appl. Phys. B 81 135
Google Scholar
[26] 王振, 杜艳君, 丁艳军, 李政, 彭志敏 2022 71 044205
Google Scholar
Wang Z, Du Y J, Ding Y J, Li Z, Peng Z M 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 044205
Google Scholar
[27] McManus J B, Zahniser M S, Nelson, D D 2011 Appl. Opt. 50 A74
Google Scholar
[28] 罗强, 唐斌, 张智, 冉曾令 2013 62 077101
Google Scholar
Luo Q, Tang B, Zhang Z, Ran Z L 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 077101
Google Scholar
[29] Allan D W 1966 Proc. IEEE 54 221
Google Scholar
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