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This article presents an external modulation diode laser (with wavelength 661.85 nm and line width 0.3 nm) cavity ring-down spectrometer for measurement of NO3 radical in the atmosphere. The output spectrum of the diode laser is optimized by changing the external modulation signal; the effective cross-section of the instrument is a convolution of the measured cross-section and the laser spectrum. Interference of other gases (O3, NO2, and water vapor)in NO3 radical detection has also been investigated. Considering the loss from the PFA tube wall collision and the membrane filtration, NO3 radical inlet transmission efficiencies of the system is about 70% through the preliminary quantitative analysis. When the time resolution is 7 s, the laboratory detection limit of the system is 2.0 pptv. This instrument was deployed in the night atmosphere to measure the NO3 radical. NO3 concentration varied from 17.9 to 51.7 pptv with an average level of 36.3 pptv. A typical detection sensitivity in the night atmosphere is 3.5 pptv. Because of the uncertainty in the inlet transmission efficiencies and other factors, the total uncertainty of the measured NO3 radicals is about 8%(1 ). Experimental results show that the diode laser cavity ring-down spectroscopy can achieve high sensitivity in insitu detection of NO3 radicals in the atmosphere.
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Keywords:
- atmospheric optics /
- cavity ring-down spectroscopy /
- NO3 radical /
- diode laser
[1] Vrekoussis M, Kanakidou M, Mihalopoulos N, Crutzen P J, Lelieveld J, Perner D, Berresheim H, Baboukas E 2004 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4 169
[2] Brown S S, Stutzb J 2012 Chem. Soc. Rev. 41 6405
[3] Geyer, A, Alicke, B, Konrad S, Schmitz T, Stutz J, Platt U 2001 J. Geophys. Res. 106 8013
[4] Platt U, Alicke B, Dubois R, Geyer A, Hofzumahaus A, Holland F, Martinez M, Mihelcic D, Klupfel T, Lohrmann B, Patz W, Perner D, Rohrer F, Schafer J, Stutz J 2002 J. Atmos. Chem. 42 359
[5] Longfellow C A, Ravishankara A R, Hanson D R 2000 J. Geophys. Res. 105 24
[6] Hao N, Zhou B, Chen L M 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 1529 (in Chinese) [郝楠, 周斌, 陈立民 2006 55 1529]
[7] Qin M, Xie P H, Liu W Q, Li A, Dou K, Fang W, Liu H G, Zhang W J 2006 J Environ Sci-China 18 69
[8] Wang Z R, Zhou B, Wang S S, Yang S N 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 060703 (in Chinese) [王焯如, 周斌, 王珊珊, 杨素娜 2011 60 060703]
[9] Heintz F, Platt U, Flentje H, Dubois R 1996 J. Geophys. Res. 101 22891
[10] Asaf D, Pedersen D, Matveev V, Peleg M, Kern C, Zingler J, Platt U, Luria M 2009 Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 9117
[11] McLaren R, Wojtal P, Majonis D, McCourt J, Halla J D, Brook J 2010 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 4187
[12] Li S W, Liu W Q, Xie P H, Qin M, YangY J 2012 Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. 23 39
[13] Wang S S, Shi C Z, Zhou B, Zhao H, Wang Z R, Yang S N, Chen L M 2013 Atmos. Environ. 70 401
[14] Li S W, Liu W Q, Wang J T, Xie P H, Wang X D 2013 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 33 444 (in Chinese) [李素文, 刘文清, 王江涛, 谢品华, 汪徐德 2013 光谱学与光谱分析 33 444]
[15] Li A, Xie P H, Liu C, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2007 Chin. Phys. Lett. 24 2859
[16] Wang Y, Li A, Xie P H, Zeng Y, Wang R B, Chen H, Pei X, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 114211
[17] Solomon S, Miller H L, Smith J P, Sanders R W, Mount G H, Schmeltekopf A L, Noxon J F 1989 J. Geophys. Res. 94 11041
[18] Aliwell S R, Jones R L 1996 Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 2585
[19] Shi P, Xie P H, Li A, Jiang Y, Wu F C, Qin M 2010 Acta Optica Sinica 30 3643 (in Chinese) [石鹏, 谢品华, 李昂, 江宇, 吴丰成, 秦敏 2010 光学学报 30 3643]
[20] Geyer A, Ackermann R, Dubois R, Lohrmann B, Mller R, Platt U 2001 Atmos. Environ. 35 3619
[21] Michelcic D, Klemp Musgen D, Patz H W, Volz-Thomas A 1993 J. Atmos. Chem. 16 313
[22] Geyer A, Alicke B, Mihelcic D, Stutz J, Platt U 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 26097
[23] Wood E C, Wooldridge P J, Freese J H, Albrecht T, Cohen R C 2003 Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 5732
[24] Wood E C, Bertram T H, Wooldridge P J, Cohen R C 2005 Environ. Sci. Technol. 5 483
[25] Ventrillard-Courtillot I, O’Brien E S, Kassi S, Méjean G, Romanini D 2010 Applied Physics B 101 661
[26] Brown S S, Stark H, Ciciora S J, McLaughlin R J, Ravishankara A R 2002 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73 3291
[27] Dube W P, Brown S S, Osthoff H D, Nunley M R, Ciciora S J, Paris M W, McLaughlin R J, Ravishankara A R 2006 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 034101
[28] Orphal J, Fellows C E, Flaud P M 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108 4077
[29] Rothman L S, Gordon I E, Barber R J, Dothe H, Gamache R R, Goldman A, Perevalov V I, Tashkun S A, Tennyson J 2010 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra. 111 2139
[30] Atkinson R, Baulch D L, Cox R A, Crowley J N, Hampson R F, Hynes R G, Jenkin M E, Rossi M J, Troe J 2004 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4 1461
[31] Wang D, Hu R Z, Xie P H, Qin M, Ling L Y, Duan J 2014 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. (in Chinese, Accepted) [王丹, 胡仁志, 谢品华, 秦敏, 凌六一, 段俊 2014 光谱学与光谱分析]
[32] Ling L Y, Qin M, Xie P H, Hu R Z, Fang W, Jiang Y, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 140703 (in Chinese)[凌六一, 秦敏, 谢品华, 胡仁志, 方武, 江宇, 刘建国, 刘文清 2012 61 140703]
[33] Voigt S, Orphal J, Bogumil K, Burrows J P 2001 J. Photoch. Photobiol. A 43 1
[34] Voigt S, Orphal J, Burrows J P 2002 J. Photoch. Photobio. A 49 1
[35] Brown S S, Stark H, Ravishankara A R 2002 Appl. Phys. B 75 173
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[1] Vrekoussis M, Kanakidou M, Mihalopoulos N, Crutzen P J, Lelieveld J, Perner D, Berresheim H, Baboukas E 2004 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4 169
[2] Brown S S, Stutzb J 2012 Chem. Soc. Rev. 41 6405
[3] Geyer, A, Alicke, B, Konrad S, Schmitz T, Stutz J, Platt U 2001 J. Geophys. Res. 106 8013
[4] Platt U, Alicke B, Dubois R, Geyer A, Hofzumahaus A, Holland F, Martinez M, Mihelcic D, Klupfel T, Lohrmann B, Patz W, Perner D, Rohrer F, Schafer J, Stutz J 2002 J. Atmos. Chem. 42 359
[5] Longfellow C A, Ravishankara A R, Hanson D R 2000 J. Geophys. Res. 105 24
[6] Hao N, Zhou B, Chen L M 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 1529 (in Chinese) [郝楠, 周斌, 陈立民 2006 55 1529]
[7] Qin M, Xie P H, Liu W Q, Li A, Dou K, Fang W, Liu H G, Zhang W J 2006 J Environ Sci-China 18 69
[8] Wang Z R, Zhou B, Wang S S, Yang S N 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 060703 (in Chinese) [王焯如, 周斌, 王珊珊, 杨素娜 2011 60 060703]
[9] Heintz F, Platt U, Flentje H, Dubois R 1996 J. Geophys. Res. 101 22891
[10] Asaf D, Pedersen D, Matveev V, Peleg M, Kern C, Zingler J, Platt U, Luria M 2009 Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 9117
[11] McLaren R, Wojtal P, Majonis D, McCourt J, Halla J D, Brook J 2010 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 4187
[12] Li S W, Liu W Q, Xie P H, Qin M, YangY J 2012 Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. 23 39
[13] Wang S S, Shi C Z, Zhou B, Zhao H, Wang Z R, Yang S N, Chen L M 2013 Atmos. Environ. 70 401
[14] Li S W, Liu W Q, Wang J T, Xie P H, Wang X D 2013 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 33 444 (in Chinese) [李素文, 刘文清, 王江涛, 谢品华, 汪徐德 2013 光谱学与光谱分析 33 444]
[15] Li A, Xie P H, Liu C, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2007 Chin. Phys. Lett. 24 2859
[16] Wang Y, Li A, Xie P H, Zeng Y, Wang R B, Chen H, Pei X, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 114211
[17] Solomon S, Miller H L, Smith J P, Sanders R W, Mount G H, Schmeltekopf A L, Noxon J F 1989 J. Geophys. Res. 94 11041
[18] Aliwell S R, Jones R L 1996 Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 2585
[19] Shi P, Xie P H, Li A, Jiang Y, Wu F C, Qin M 2010 Acta Optica Sinica 30 3643 (in Chinese) [石鹏, 谢品华, 李昂, 江宇, 吴丰成, 秦敏 2010 光学学报 30 3643]
[20] Geyer A, Ackermann R, Dubois R, Lohrmann B, Mller R, Platt U 2001 Atmos. Environ. 35 3619
[21] Michelcic D, Klemp Musgen D, Patz H W, Volz-Thomas A 1993 J. Atmos. Chem. 16 313
[22] Geyer A, Alicke B, Mihelcic D, Stutz J, Platt U 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 26097
[23] Wood E C, Wooldridge P J, Freese J H, Albrecht T, Cohen R C 2003 Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 5732
[24] Wood E C, Bertram T H, Wooldridge P J, Cohen R C 2005 Environ. Sci. Technol. 5 483
[25] Ventrillard-Courtillot I, O’Brien E S, Kassi S, Méjean G, Romanini D 2010 Applied Physics B 101 661
[26] Brown S S, Stark H, Ciciora S J, McLaughlin R J, Ravishankara A R 2002 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73 3291
[27] Dube W P, Brown S S, Osthoff H D, Nunley M R, Ciciora S J, Paris M W, McLaughlin R J, Ravishankara A R 2006 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 034101
[28] Orphal J, Fellows C E, Flaud P M 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108 4077
[29] Rothman L S, Gordon I E, Barber R J, Dothe H, Gamache R R, Goldman A, Perevalov V I, Tashkun S A, Tennyson J 2010 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra. 111 2139
[30] Atkinson R, Baulch D L, Cox R A, Crowley J N, Hampson R F, Hynes R G, Jenkin M E, Rossi M J, Troe J 2004 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4 1461
[31] Wang D, Hu R Z, Xie P H, Qin M, Ling L Y, Duan J 2014 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. (in Chinese, Accepted) [王丹, 胡仁志, 谢品华, 秦敏, 凌六一, 段俊 2014 光谱学与光谱分析]
[32] Ling L Y, Qin M, Xie P H, Hu R Z, Fang W, Jiang Y, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 140703 (in Chinese)[凌六一, 秦敏, 谢品华, 胡仁志, 方武, 江宇, 刘建国, 刘文清 2012 61 140703]
[33] Voigt S, Orphal J, Bogumil K, Burrows J P 2001 J. Photoch. Photobiol. A 43 1
[34] Voigt S, Orphal J, Burrows J P 2002 J. Photoch. Photobio. A 49 1
[35] Brown S S, Stark H, Ravishankara A R 2002 Appl. Phys. B 75 173
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