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As a kind of ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic coexistent multi-ferroic material, BiFeO3 (BFO) has a theoretical saturation polarization over 100 μC/cm2, and a Curie temperature of 830 ℃, which may offer a huge electrocaloric effect. However, owing to the evaporation of Bi2O3 in the sintering process at high temperatures and the variation of chemical valence of iron ions, there are lots of point defects and also a large leakage current existing in BFO, making the ferroelectricity of BFO hard to develop and measure. Although the forming of solid solution with BaTiO3 (BTO) or other oxide ferroelectrics may mitigate the leakage current, high loss tangent is still existent. This work tries to address this issue by adding manganese ions into the BFO-BTO solid solution. The 0.7(BFO)-0.3(BTO)+x%MnO2 ceramics are prepared through using the conventional solid-state reaction at high temperature. The microstructure, dielectric characteristic and ferroelectric characteristic are investigated by doping different Mn4+ ions. Results indicate that the crystallographic structure is of rhombohedral and pseudocubic phase coexistence. It is observed that a certain content of Mn4+ ions may lead both the loss tangent and the leakage current for BFO-BTO ceramic to decrease, which is due to the compensation of dopant Mn4+ ions for the oxygen vacancies. In addition, the 0.7BFO-0.3BTO+0.5%MnO2 ceramic arrives at a maximum polarization of 50.53 μC/cm2 at 100 kV/cm. Finally, a direct approach is used to measure the electrocaloric effect. It is found that using the polarization flip method, the ECE temperature change is observed to increase almost 8 times when the electric field changes from 0 to –30 kV/m with respect to that when the electric field decreases from 30 kV/cm to 0. This verifies that the Lu et al’s method is also applicable to polycrystalline first-order phase transition ferroelectrics.
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Keywords:
- ferroelectric /
- dielectric loss /
- electrocaloric effect
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图 1 BFO-BTO+x%MnO2陶瓷的XRD图谱 (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.10; (d) x = 0.20; (e) x = 0.50; (f) x = 1.00
Figure 1. XRD patterns of BFO-BTO+x%MnO2 samples: (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.10; (d) x = 0.20; (e) x = 0.50; (f) x = 1.00.
图 2 BFO-BTO+x%MnO2陶瓷的Mn 2pXPS图谱 (a) x = 0.20; (b) x = 0.50; (c) x = 1.00
Figure 2. Mn 2p XPS spectrums of BFO-BTO+x%MnO2 samples: (a) x = 0.20; (b) x = 0.50; (c) x = 1.00.
图 3 BFO-BTO+x%MnO2陶瓷的SEM形貌图 (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.10; (d) x = 0.20; (e) x = 0.50; (f) x = 1.00
Figure 3. SEM images of BFO-BTO+x%MnO2 samples: (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.10; (d) x = 0.20; (e) x = 0.50; (f) x = 1.00.
图 4 BFO-BTO+x%MnO2陶瓷在不同频率不同温度下的介电常数和介电损耗 (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.10; (d) x = 0.20; (e) x = 0.50; (f) x = 1.00
Figure 4. Permittivity and loss tangent as a function of temperature and frequency for BFO-BTO+x%MnO2 samples: (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.10; (d) x = 0.20; (e) x = 0.50; (f) x = 1.00.
图 5 (a) BFO-BTO+x%MnO2陶瓷在不同频率的介电损耗; (b) BFO-BTO+x%MnO2陶瓷在50 kV/cm 时的漏电流
Figure 5. (a)
$\varepsilon_{\rm{r}} $ and tanδ as a function of frequency for BFO-BTO+x%MnO2 samples; (b) the leakage current for BFO-BTO+x%MnO2 samples at 50 kV/cm.
图 6 BFO-BTO+x%MnO2陶瓷在不同电场下的室温电滞回线 (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.10; (d) x = 0.20; (e) x = 0.50; (f) x = 1.00
Figure 6. The P-E hysteresis loops for BFO-BTO+x%MnO2 samples with different electric fields at room temperature: (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.10; (d) x = 0.20; (e) x = 0.50; (f) x = 1.00.
图 7 (a) Mn0陶瓷在直测电卡时的电压变化; (b) Mn0陶瓷在电场从+30 kV/cm至0 kV/cm和0 kV/cm至–30 kV/cm过程中的直测电卡; (c) BFO-BTO+x%MnO2陶瓷在不同电场直测电卡和电场转变从+30—–30 kV/cm时电畴翻转的直测电卡; (d) BFO-BTO陶瓷在电场40 kV/cm和50 kV/cm 时不同温度下直测电卡; (e) Mn0陶瓷在电场40 kV/cm和50 kV/cm 时不同温度下直测电卡电卡强度ΔT/E; (f) Mn0陶瓷理论计算的电卡强度ΔT/E
Figure 7. (a) The change of electric field when the electrocaloric of Mn0 ceramics measured; (b) the direct measurement electrocaloric ΔT of Mn0 ceramics during the electric field changes from +30 kV/cm to 0 kV/cm and 0 kV/cm to –30 kV/cm; (c) the ΔT of BFO-BTO + x% MnO2 ceramics at different electric field and the ΔT of BFO-BTO + x% MnO2 ceramics with polarization flip during the electric field changes from +30 kV/cm to –30 kV/cm; (d) the ΔT of BFO-BTO ceramics at different temperatures under 40 kV/cm and 50 kV/cm; (e) the ΔT/E of Mn0 ceramics at different temperatures under 40 kV/cm and 50 kV/cm; (f) the theoretical ΔT/E of Mn0 ceramics.
表 1 BFO-BTO+x%MnO2样品的精修参数
Table 1. The refined retrieved lattice parameters, volumes and R factors for BFO-BTO+x%MnO2 ceramics.
x 相成分/% 晶格参数/Å 晶胞体积/Å3 R 因子 a c a R PC R PC R PC Rwp/% Rwp/% χ2 0 75.64 24.36 5.6400(2) 13.8964(0) 3.9893(6) 382.92 63.49 6.98 4.65 2.37 0.05 72.97 27.03 5.6411(7) 13.8983(8) 3.9902(5) 383.03 63.53 5.91 4.06 1.45 0.10 72.70 27.30 5.6390(5) 13.8909(8) 3.9938(5) 382.54 63.71 5.23 3.81 1.24 0.20 68.48 31.62 5.6398(2) 13.8962(4) 3.9911(4) 382.79 63.58 6.39 4.49 1.85 0.50 67.21 32.79 5.6458(1) 13.8768(6) 3.9898(0) 383.07 63.51 5.80 4.09 1.50 1.00 66.41 33.59 5.6487(1) 13.8299(8) 3.9914(5) 382.17 63.59 5.88 4.35 1.36 
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[1] Nan C W 2015 Sci. Sin. Tech. 45 339
Google Scholar
[2] Meng K, Li W, Tang X G, Liu Q X, Jiang Y P 2021 ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 4 9216
Google Scholar
[3] Khasbulatov S, Kallaev S, Gadjiev H, Omarov Z, Bakmaev A, Verbenko I, Pavelko A, Reznichenko L 2020 J. Adv. Dielectr. 10 2060019
Google Scholar
[4] Wang D W, Wang G, Murakami S, Fan Z, Feteira A, Zhou D, Sun S, Zhao Q, Reaney I M 2018 J. Adv. Dielectr. 8 1830004
Google Scholar
[5] Xun B, Song A, Yu J, Yin Y, Li J F, Zhang B P 2021 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13 4192
Google Scholar
[6] Kim A Y, Lee Y J, Kim J S, Han S H, Kang H W, Lee H G, Cheon C I 2012 J. Korean Phys. Soc. 60 83
Google Scholar
[7] Wang D, Wang M, Liu F, Cui Y, Zhao Q, Sun H, Jin H, Cao M 2015 Ceram. Int. 41 8768
Google Scholar
[8] Neaton J B, Ederer C, Waghmare U V, Spaldin N A, Rabe K M 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 014113
Google Scholar
[9] Lebeugle D, Colson D, Forget A, Vire M 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 022907
Google Scholar
[10] Khesro A, Boston R, Sterianou I, Sinclair D C, Reaney I M 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 119 054101
Google Scholar
[11] Leontsev S O, Eitel R E 2009 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 92 2957
Google Scholar
[12] Kumar M M, Srinivas A, Suryanarayana S V 2000 J. Appl. Phys. 87 855
Google Scholar
[13] Chaudhary P, Shukla R, Dabas S, Thakur O P 2021 J. Alloys Compd. 869 159228
Google Scholar
[14] Wan Y, Li Y, Li Q, Zhou W, Zheng Q, Wu X, Xu C, Zhu B, Lin D, Jones J 2014 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 97 1809
Google Scholar
[15] Chen Z, Bai X, Wang H, Du J, Bai W, Li L, Wen F, Zheng P, Wu W, Zheng L, Zhang Y 2020 Ceram. Int. 46 11549
Google Scholar
[16] Lu Z, Wang G, Bao W, Li J, Li L, Mostaed A, Yang H, Ji H, Li D, Feteira A, Xu F, Sinclair D C, Wang D, Liu S Y, Reaney I M 2020 Energy Environ. Sci. 13 2938
Google Scholar
[17] Calisir I, Amirov A A, Kleppe A K, Hall D A 2018 J. Mater. Chem. A 6 5378
Google Scholar
[18] Liu X H, Xu Z, Qu S B, Wei X Y, Chen J L 2008 Ceram. Int. 34 797
Google Scholar
[19] Yang H, Zhou C, Liu X, Zhou Q, Chen G, Li W, Wang H 2013 J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 33 1177
Google Scholar
[20] Li Q, Wei J X, Cheng J R, Chen J G 2017 J. Mater. Sci. 52 229
Google Scholar
[21] Li Q, Cheng J R, Chen J G 2017 J. Mater. Sci. :Mater. Electron. 28 1370
Google Scholar
[22] Alpay S P, Mantese J, Trolier-McKinstry S, Zhang Q, Whatmore R W 2014 MRS Bull. 39 1099
Google Scholar
[23] Jian X D, Lu B, Li D D, Yao Y B, Tao T, Liang B, Guo J H, Zeng Y J, Chen J L, Lu S G 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 4801
Google Scholar
[24] Neese B, Chu B, Lu S G, Wang Y, Furman E, Zhang Q M 2008 Science 321 821
Google Scholar
[25] 鲁圣国, 李丹丹, 林雄威, 简晓东, 赵小波, 姚英邦, 陶涛, 梁波 2020 69 127701
Google Scholar
Lu S G, Li D D, Lin X W, Jian X D, Zhao X B, Yao Y B, Tao T, Liang B 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 127701
Google Scholar
[26] Larson A C, Von Dreele R B 2004 General Structure Analysis System (GSAS) Los Alamos: Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LAUR p86
[27] Toby H 2001 J. Appl. Crystallogr. 34 210
Google Scholar
[28] Niu X, Jian X, Chen X, Li H, Liang W, Liang B, Lu S G 2021 J. Adv. Ceram. 10 482
Google Scholar
[29] Dicastro V, Polzobetti G 1989 J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 48 117
Google Scholar
[30] Allen G C, Harris S J, Jutson J A 1989 Appl. Surf. Sci. 37 111
Google Scholar
[31] Zhang X, Hu D, Pan Z, Lv X, He Z, Yang F, Li P, Liu J, Zhai J 2021 Chem. Eng. J. 406 126818
Google Scholar
[32] Basso V, Gerard J F, Pruvost S 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 052907
Google Scholar
[33] Lu B, Jian X, Lin X, Yao Y, Tao T, Liang B, Luo H, Lu S G 2020 Crystals 10 451
Google Scholar
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