Spectral calibration for electron beam ion trap and precision measurement of M1 transition wavelength in Ar<sup>13+</sup>

Liu Xin; Zhou Xiao-Peng; Wen Wei-Qiang; Lu Qi-Feng; Yan Cheng-Long; Xu Guo-Qin; Xiao Jun; Huang Zhong-Kui; Wang Han-Bing; Chen Dong-Yang; Shao Lin; Yuan Yang; Wang Shu-Xing; Ma Wan-Lu; Ma Xin-Wen

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20211663

Abstract

The precise measurement of the transition wavelength of the fine structure of highly charged ions can not only test basic physical theories including the quantum electrodynamics effect and the electronic correlation effect but also provide key atomic data for astrophysics and fusion plasma physics. Furthermore, highly charged ions are considered as a potential candidate for optical clocks with extremely ultra-high precision. In this work, a new spectral calibration system is built in a high-temperature superconducting electron beam ion trap (SH-HtscEBIT) in the Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, and the uncertainty of its spectrum wavelength measurement is evaluated by combining internal and external calibrations. The minimum wavelength uncertainty caused by the new spectral calibration system in the visible light band reaches 0.002 nm. On this basis, the precise measurement of 2s²2p ²P_1/2－²P_3/2 M1 transition wavelength for boron-like Ar¹³⁺ is performed at the SH-HtscEBIT by utilizing the new calibration system. The experimentally measured transition wavelength is (441.2567 ± 0.0026) nm. It is currently the experimental result with the highest measurement accuracy of spectroscopy of highly charged ions at the SH-HtscEBIT, which lays the foundation for the precise measurement of the hyperfine splitting and isotope shift of highly charged ions in the future experiments.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Institute of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
2.
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-Beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
4.
Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Corresponding author: Wen Wei-Qiang, wenweiqiang@impcas.ac.cn ; Xiao Jun, xiao_jun@fudan.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0402300), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11904371, 11974080), the Strategic Leading Science and Technology Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB34020000), and the subject funded by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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References

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[2]	Lisse C M, Christian D J, Dennerl K M K J, Petre R, Weaver H A, Wolk S J 2001 Science 292 1343 Google Scholar
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[4]	Shull J M, Smith B D, Danforth C W 2012 Astrophys. J. 759 23 Google Scholar
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[41]	Artemyev A N, Shabaev V M, Tupitsyn I I, Piunien G 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 032518 Google Scholar
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[43]	Safronova M S, Johnson W R, Safronova U I 1996 Phys. Rev. A 54 2850 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 电子束离子阱的原理结构图以及其中发生的一些原子物理过程

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the electron beam ion trap and some of the atomic physical processes in EBIT.

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图 2 Andor Shamrock 303i光谱仪内部结构图

Figure 2. Inner structure of the Andor Shamrock 303i spectrograph.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 三种不同的光谱校刻方案　(a)使用校刻灯在EBIT外照射直接校刻方案; (b)通过观测注入EBIT的惰性气体谱线在EBIT内直接内校刻方案; (c)使用校刻灯结合新的共轭光谱校刻系统的外校刻方案

Figure 3. Three different spectral calibration schemes: (a) Direct calibration scheme by using the calibration lamp at outside of the EBIT; (b) direct calibration scheme in the EBIT by observing the inert gas spectrum line injected into the EBIT; (c) the external calibration scheme using the calibration lamp combined with the new conjugate spectrum calibration system.

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图 4 (a)使用新校刻系统测量的Ne灯光谱图与注入EBIT的Ne原子线的光谱图; (b)校刻系统多次测试结果(正负表示偏移方向), 黑色实线表示偏移的算数平均值

Figure 4. (a) Spectrum of Ne lamp measured with the new calibration system and the observed spectrum of Ne atomic line injected into the EBIT; (b) the multiple test results of the proof system (positive and negative indicate the offset direction), the black solid line indicates the arithmetic average of the offset.

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图 5 (a) Kr灯校刻线的光谱图; (b) 使用一阶(方框)、二阶(圆)和三阶(叉)多项式拟合色散函数的所有残差; (c) 二阶和三阶多项式拟合残差的放大, 浅色带为二阶多项式拟合的一倍标准差置信带

Figure 5. (a) Spectrum of Kr lamp calibration line; (b) all residuals from the dispersion function fit, using first (square), second (circle), and third (cross) degree polynomials; (c) second- and third-degree polynomial residuals (enlarged scale), the light-colored band is a 1-σ confidence band.

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图 6 (a) 用SH-HtscEBIT在415—465 nm范围内, 获得了标称电子束能量为780, 800, 810, 820和870 eV Ar¹³⁺离子1s²2s²2p ²P基态M1跃迁的可见光谱; (b) Ar¹³⁺的441 nm跃迁谱线高斯拟合示例; (c) Ar¹³⁺跃迁波长的多次测量结果, 图中深色直线表示加权平均波长, 浅色带表示加权平均波长的不确定度

Figure 6. (a) With SH-HtscEBIT in the range of 415–465 nm, the visible spectrum of the M1 transition for the 2s²2p ²P ground term of Ar¹³⁺ with nominal electron beam energy of 780, 800, 810, 820 and 870 eV were obtained; (b) Gaussian fitting example of 441 nm transition spectrum of Ar¹³⁺; (c) multiple measurement results of Ar¹³⁺ transition wavelength, the dark line in the figure represents the weighted average wavelength, and the light color band represents the uncertainty of the weighted average wavelength.

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表 1 SH-HtscEBIT的参数^[30]

Table 1. Parameters of SH-HtscEBIT.

参数	设计指标
电子束能量	30—4000 eV
电子束流强	10 mA
电子束流半径	～65 μm
真空度	～1.0 × 10^–9 Torr
液氮消耗速率	0.6—1.5 L/h
磁场强度	0—0.25 T

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 Ar¹³⁺的光谱校刻谱线位置与NIST数据库中参考波长

Table 2. Pixel positions of the fitted Ar¹³⁺ spectral calibration lines and the corresponding reference wavelength in the NIST database.

峰中心像素	NIST波长/nm
457.350(6)	427.39694
572.865(22)	431.95795
682.297(14)	436.26416
716.578(10)	437.61216
915.031(9)	445.39175
939.998(13)	446.36900
1039.015(14)	450.23543

DownLoad: CSV

表 3 Ar¹³⁺离子测量波长的不确定度

Table 3. Uncertainties of the measured wavelengths for Ar¹³⁺.

不确定度来源	对波长不确定度的贡献/pm
线形中心	0.58
色散函数	0.46
校刻线	0.01
校刻系统	1.76
总不确定度	2.6

DownLoad: CSV

表 4 Ar¹³⁺跃迁波长的实验与理论结果比较 (空气中)

Table 4. Comparison of experimental and theoretical results of transition wavelength Ar¹³⁺ (in Air).

来源	年份	类型	波长/nm
This work	2021	实验测量	441.2567(26)
文献[33]	2011	实验测量	441.25568(26)
文献[34]	2007	实验测量	441.257(2)
文献[35]	2006	实验测量	441.2556(1)
文献[8]	2003	实验测量	441.2559(1)
文献[25]	1997	实验测量	441.250(3)
文献[36]	1987	实验测量	441.23(9)
文献[37]	1986	天文观测	441.24(2)
文献[38]	1983	天文观测	441.23(9)
文献[39]	2021	理论计算	440.90
文献[40]	2019	理论计算	442.7(70)
文献[41]	2013	理论计算	441.238(63)
文献[42]	2007	理论计算	441.261(70)
文献[43]	1996	理论计算	441.16(27)
文献[37]	1986	理论计算	441.6(4)
文献[38]	1983	理论计算	441.32

DownLoad: CSV

map

[1]	Träbert E, Beiersdorfer P, Utter S, Brown G, Chen H, Harris C, Neill P, Savin D, Smith A 2000 Astrophys. J. 541 506 Google Scholar
[2]	Lisse C M, Christian D J, Dennerl K M K J, Petre R, Weaver H A, Wolk S J 2001 Science 292 1343 Google Scholar
[3]	Liang G Y, Badnell N R, Zhao G 2012 Astron. Astrophys. 547 A87 Google Scholar
[4]	Shull J M, Smith B D, Danforth C W 2012 Astrophys. J. 759 23 Google Scholar
[5]	Collaboration H 2017 Nature 551 478 Google Scholar
[6]	Reinhardt S, Saathoff G, Buhr H, et al. 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 861 Google Scholar
[7]	Botermann B, Bing D, Geppert C, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 120405 Google Scholar
[8]	Draganić I, López-Urrutia J C, DuBois R, et al. 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 183001 Google Scholar
[9]	Beiersdorfer P, Chen H, Thorn D B, Träbert E 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 233003 Google Scholar
[10]	Kozhedub Y S, Glazov D A, Artemyev A N, et al. 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 012511 Google Scholar
[11]	Malyshev A V, Volotka A V, Glazov D, Tupitsyn I I, Shabaev V M, Plunien G 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 062517 Google Scholar
[12]	Ullmann J, Andelkovic Z, Brandau C, et al. 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15484 Google Scholar
[13]	Tupitsyn I I, Shabaev V M, López-Urrutia J C, Draganić I, Orts R S, Ullrich J 2003 Phys. Rev. A 68 022511 Google Scholar
[14]	Brandau C, Kozhuharov C, Harman Z, et al. 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 073201 Google Scholar
[15]	Shabaev V M, Tomaselli M, Kuhl T, Artemyev A N, Yerokhin V A 1997 Phys. Rev. A 56 252 Google Scholar
[16]	Vogel M, Quint W 2013 Ann. Phys. 525 505 Google Scholar
[17]	Derevianko A, Dzuba V A, Flambaum V V 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 180801 Google Scholar
[18]	Yudin V, Taichenachev A, Derevianko A 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 233003 Google Scholar
[19]	Schmöger L, Versolato O O, Schwarz M, et al. 2015 Science 347 1233 Google Scholar
[20]	Yu Y M, Sahoo B K 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 062502 Google Scholar
[21]	Kozlov M G, Safronova M S, Crespo López-Urrutia J R, Schmidt P O 2018 Rev. Mod. Phys. 90 045005 Google Scholar
[22]	Micke P, Leopold T, King S A, et al. 2020 Nature 578 60 Google Scholar
[23]	Safronova M S, Budker D, Demille D, Kimball D F J, Derevianko A, Clark C W 2018 Rev. Mod. Phys. 90 025008 Google Scholar
[24]	Marrs R E, Levine M A, Knapp D A, Henderson J R 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 1715 Google Scholar
[25]	Bieber D J, Margolis H S, Oxley P K, Silver J D 1997 Phys. Scr. T73 64 Google Scholar
[26]	Liang S Y, Zhang T X, Guan H, et al. 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 022804 Google Scholar
[27]	Kimura N, Kodama R, Suzuki K, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. A 100 052508 Google Scholar
[28]	Beiersdorfer P, Träbert E, Brown G V, Clementson J, Thorn D B, Chen M H, Cheng K T, Sapirstein J 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 233003 Google Scholar
[29]	Silwal R, Lapierre A, Gillaspy J D, Dreiling J M, Blundell S A, Dipti, Borovik A, Gwinner G, Villari A C C, Ralchenko Y, Takacs E 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 052502 Google Scholar
[30]	Xiao J, Zhao R, Jin X, Tu B, Yang Y, Lu D, Hutton R, Zou Y 2013 Proceedings of the 4th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2013 (JACoW) Shanghai, China, May 12–17, 2013 p434
[31]	Lu Q, Yan C L, Xu G Q, Fu N, Yang Y, Zou Y, Volotka A V, Xiao J, Nakamura N, Hutton R 2020 Phys. Rev. A 102 042817 Google Scholar
[32]	Kimura N, Kodama R, Suzuki K, Oishi S, Wada M, Okada K, Ohmae N, Katori H, Nakamura N 2019 Plasma Fusion Res. 14 1201021 Google Scholar
[33]	Mäckel V, Klawitter R, Brenner G, Crespo López-Urrutia J R, Ullrich J 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 143002 Google Scholar
[34]	Katai R, Morita S, Goto M 2007 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 107 120 Google Scholar
[35]	Orts R S, Harman Z, López-Urrutia J R C, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 103002 Google Scholar
[36]	Prior M H 1987 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4 144 Google Scholar
[37]	Kaufman V, Sugar J 1986 J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15 321 Google Scholar
[38]	Edlén B 1983 Phys. Scr. 28 483 Google Scholar
[39]	Natarajan L 2021 Phys. Scr. 96 105402 Google Scholar
[40]	Yu Y M, Sahoo B K 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 022513 Google Scholar
[41]	Artemyev A N, Shabaev V M, Tupitsyn I I, Piunien G 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 032518 Google Scholar
[42]	Artemyev A, Shabaev V, Tupitsyn I, Plunien G, Yerokhin V 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 173004 Google Scholar
[43]	Safronova M S, Johnson W R, Safronova U I 1996 Phys. Rev. A 54 2850 Google Scholar
[44]	Egl A, Arapoglou I, Höcker M, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 123001 Google Scholar

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Spectral calibration for electron beam ion trap and precision measurement of M1 transition wavelength in Ar¹³⁺

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Corresponding author: Wen Wei-Qiang, wenweiqiang@impcas.ac.cn ; Xiao Jun, xiao_jun@fudan.edu.cn ;

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Spectral calibration for electron beam ion trap and precision measurement of M1 transition wavelength in Ar13+

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Corresponding author: Wen Wei-Qiang, wenweiqiang@impcas.ac.cn ; Xiao Jun, xiao_jun@fudan.edu.cn ;

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Spectral calibration for electron beam ion trap and precision measurement of M1 transition wavelength in Ar¹³⁺