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The method of retrieving the vertical column density (VCD) and the atmospheric vertical profile of water vapor in visible blue band (434.0–451.5 nm) were studied by using the multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS). First, the method of retrieving the VCD of water vapor was studied. Owing the the fact that the water vapor absorption cross section is of high resolution and it cannot be effectively measured by MAX-DOAS, a convolved cross section with the instrument slit function was used. In addition, the correction factor for water vapor saturation absorption was also used to obtain the true VCD. Second, the water vapor profile retrieved by applying the nonlinear optimal estimation of the trace gas retrieval method (PriAM) was studied, including the effects of aerosol state and the priori profile on the water vapor retrieval. Influence on the water vapor retrieval from the aerosol prior profile linear changes was unapparent. High aerosol state has a significant influence on the water vapor profile retrieval and it was still within the total error tolerance. This indicates that the PriAM is applicable in the water vapor profile retrieval. Using this method, a continuous observation experiment was carried out at the MAX-DOAS Aoshan regional station in Qingdao. The retrieved water vapor VCD results were compared with the daily average data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and the R2 is 0.93. The comparison of the near-surface water vapor concentration of MAX-DOAS retrieval with the ECMWF and sounding data of the University of Wyoming shows that R2 is larger than 0.70 and 0.66, respectively. The two comparison results demonstrate that PriAM can retrieve the atmospheric water vapor VCD and profile accurately. The vertical distribution characteristics of water vapor in Qingdao was analyzed, and the profile results show that the concentration of water vapor in Qingdao was distributed mainly under 1.5 km in height.
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Keywords:
- multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) /
- atmospheric water vapor /
- vertical column density /
- vertical profile
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Zhang J H 2017 M. S. Thesis (Wuhan: Wuhan University) (in Chinese)
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图 1 PriAM算法反演气溶胶及水汽流程图
Figure 1. Flow chart of aerosol and water vapor retrieval by PriAM algorithm.
图 2 MAX-DOAS望远镜观测视场图
Figure 2. MAX-DOAS telescope observation field diagram.
图 3 MAX-DOAS观测原理图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of MAX-DOAS observation.
图 4 水汽有效吸收参考截面获取过程 (a) HITEMP 2010水汽高分辨率吸收光谱; (b) 狭缝函数; (c) 水汽有效吸收参考截面
Figure 4. Obtaining process of reference cross section for effective absorption of water vapor: (a) HITEMP 2010 high-resolution water vapor absorption spectrum; (b) slit function; (c) reference cross section for effective absorption of water vapor.
图 5 不同数据库下水汽有效吸收截面对比 (a) 4种数据库下水汽有效吸收参考截面; (b) 20°仰角下DOAS拟合残差对比
Figure 5. Comparison of effective water vapor absorption cross sections under different databases: (a) Reference cross sections of effective water vapor absorption under four databases; (b) comparison of DOAS fitted residuals at 20° elevation.
图 6 在蓝光波段水汽饱和吸收对OD的影响 (a) 不同SCD下的OD差别; (b) 最大吸收峰442.6 nm处OD饱和校正前后的差别
Figure 6. The effect of water vapor saturation absorption on the OD in the blue band: (a) OD difference under different SCD; (b) the difference before and after OD saturation correction at the maximum absorption peak at 442.6 nm.
图 7 DOAS拟合反演示例 (a) Residual; (b) H2O; (c) NO2; (d) O3
Figure 7. DOAS fitting retrieval example: (a) Residual; (b) H2O; (c) NO2; (d) O3.
图 8 MAX-DOAS测量数据和ECMWF数据日均值对比
Figure 8. Comparison of MAX-DOAS measurement data and ECMWF data daily average.
图 9 MAX-DOAS数据与ECMWF数据相关性分析
Figure 9. Correlation analysis of MAX-DOAS data and ECMWF data.
图 10 气溶胶状态及线型对水汽廓线反演结果的影响 (a) 5种气溶胶先验廓线; (b) 3月6日5种气溶胶先验廓线下反演水汽结果及误差; (c) 3月22日5种气溶胶先验廓线下反演水汽结果及误差; (d) 指数型水汽先验廓线; (e) 3月6日平均核的包络线; (f) 3月22日平均核的包络线
Figure 10. Effects of aerosol state and line type on the retrieval results of water vapor profile: (a) Five aerosol prior profiles; (b) the results and errors of water vapor retrieval under the five aerosol prior profiles on March 6; (c) the results and errors of water vapor retrieval under the five aerosol prior profiles on March 22; (d) the exponential water vapor prior profile; (e) the envelope of the average kernel on March 6; (f) the envelope of the average kernel on March 22.
图 11 MAX-DOAS数据与ECMWF及探空数据对比
Figure 11. MAX-DOAS data compared with ECMWF and sounding data.
图 12 MAX-DOAS不同高度廓线数据与ECMWF和探空数据的相关性分析
Figure 12. Correlation analysis of MAX-DOAS profile data at different heights with ECMWF and sounding data.
图 13 基于MAX-DOAS反演的水汽0−4 km垂直分布廓线
Figure 13. Vertical distribution profile of water vapor 0−4 km based on MAX-DOAS retrieval.
表 1 MAX-DOAS参数设置
Table 1. Parameter settings of MAX-DOAS.
Spectrometer name Avantes Longitude 120.67° E Spectral range/nm 285–453 Latitude 36.35° N FWHM/nm 0.6 Measuring time 4∶00–22∶00 LT Temperature control/℃ 25 Azimuth 0° City Qingdao Elevation 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, 6°, 8°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 90° 
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[1] Wagner T, Andreae M O, Beirle S, Doerner S, Mies K, Shaiganfar R 2013 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 6 131
Google Scholar
[2] 刘进, 司福祺, 周海金, 赵敏杰, 窦科, 刘文清 2013 光学学报 33 0801002
Google Scholar
Liu J, Si F Q, Zhou H J, Zhao M J, Dou K, Liu W Q 2013 Acta Opt. Sin. 33 0801002
Google Scholar
[3] Kiemle C, Brewer W A, Ehret G, Hardesty R M, Fix A, Senff C, Wirth M, Poberaj G, LeMone M A 2007 J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol. 24 627
Google Scholar
[4] Noel S, Mieruch S, Bovensmann H, Burrows J P 2008 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8 1519
Google Scholar
[5] Noel S, Buchwitz M, Bovensmann H, Burrows J P 2005 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5 1835
[6] Chan K L, Valks P, Slijkhuis S, Köhler C, Loyola D 2020 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 13 4169
Google Scholar
[7] Vey S, Dietrich R, Johnsen K P, Miao J, Heygster G 2004 J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 82 259
Google Scholar
[8] Borger C, Beirle S, Dörner S, Sihler H, Wagner T 2020 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 13 2751
Google Scholar
[9] Filges A, Gerbig C, Chen H L, Franke H, Klaus C, Jordan A 2015 Tellus B 67 27989
Google Scholar
[10] Platt U, Stutz J 2008 Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (Berlin: Springer-Verlag Heidelberg) pp449–453
[11] 王杨, 李昂, 谢品华, 陈浩, 牟福生, 徐晋, 吴丰成, 曾议, 刘建国, 刘文清 2013 62 200705
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Li A, Xie P H, Chen H, Mou F S, Xu J, Wu F C, Zeng Y, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 200705
Google Scholar
[12] 王杨, 李昂, 谢品华, 陈浩, 徐晋, 吴丰成, 刘建国, 刘文清 2013 62 180705
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Li A, Xie P H, Chen H, Xu J, Wu F C, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 180705
Google Scholar
[13] 田鑫, 徐晋, 谢品华, 李昂, 胡肇焜, 李晓梅, 任博, 吴子扬 2019 光谱学与光谱分析 39 2325
Google Scholar
Tian X, Xu J, Xie P H, Li A, Hu Z H, Li X M, Ren B, Wu Z Y 2019 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 39 2325
Google Scholar
[14] Wang Y, Dorner S, Donner S, Bohnke S, De Smedt I, Dickerson R R, Dong Z P, He H, Li Z Q, Li Z Q, Li D H, Liu D, Ren X R, Theys N, Wang Y Y, Wang Y, Wang Z Z, Xu H, Xu J W, Wagner T 2019 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19 5417
Google Scholar
[15] Irie H, Takashima H, Kanaya Y, Boersma K F, Gast L, Wittrock F, Brunner D, Zhou Y, Van Roozendael M 2011 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 4 1027
Google Scholar
[16] Lampel J, Pohler D, Tschritter J, Friess U, Platt U 2015 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 8 4329
Google Scholar
[17] Lampel J, Pohler D, Polyansky O L, Kyuberis A A, Zobov N F, Tennyson J, Lodi L, Friess U, Wang Y, Beirle S, Platt U, Wagner T 2017 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 1271
Google Scholar
[18] 周海金, 刘文清, 司福祺, 窦科 2013 62 044216
Google Scholar
Zhou H J, Liu W Q, Si F Q, Dou K 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 044216
Google Scholar
[19] 杨雷, 李昂, 谢品华, 胡肇焜, 梁帅西, 张英华, 黄业园 2019 光谱学与光谱分析 5 1398
Google Scholar
Yang L, Li A, Xie P H, Hu Z K, Liang S X, Zhan Y H, Huang Y Y 2019 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 5 1398
Google Scholar
[20] Li A, Xie P H, Liu C, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2007 Chin. Phys. Lett. 24 2859
Google Scholar
[21] Wang Y, Beirle S, Lampel J, Koukouli M, De Smedt I, Theys N, Li A, Wu D X, Xie P H, Liu C, Van Roozendael M, Stavrakou T, Muller J F, Wagner T 2017 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 5007
Google Scholar
[22] Tian X, Xie P H, Xu J, Wang Y, Li A, Wu F C, Hu Z K, Liu C, Zhang Q 2018 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19 3375
Google Scholar
[23] 王杨, Wagner T, 李昂, 谢品华, 伍德侠, 陈浩, 牟福生, 张杰, 徐晋, 吴丰成, 刘建国, 刘文清, 曾议 2014 63 110708
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Wagner T, Li A, Xie P H, Wu D X, Chen H, Mou F S, Zhan J, Xu J, Wu F C, Liu J G, Liu W Q, Zeng Y 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 110708
Google Scholar
[24] Rothman L S, Gordon I E, Barbe A, et al. 2009 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 110 533
Google Scholar
[25] Rothman L S, Gordon I E, Babikov Y, et al. 2013 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 130 4
Google Scholar
[26] Rothman L S, Gordon I E, Barber R J, Dothe H, Gamache R R, Goldman A, Perevalov V I, Tashkun S A, Tennyson J 2010 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 111 2139
Google Scholar
[27] Polyansky O L, Kyuberis A A, Lodi L, Tennyson J, Ovsyannikov R I, Zobov N 2016 Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 466 1363
Google Scholar
[28] Wagner T, Heland J, Zoger M, Platt U 2003 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3 651
Google Scholar
[29] Wenig M, Jahne B, Platt U 2005 Appl. Opt. 44 3246
Google Scholar
[30] Wagner T, Beirle S, Deutschmann T 2009 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2 113
Google Scholar
[31] Vandaele A C, Hermans C, Simon P C, Carleer M, Colin R, Fally S, Mérienne M F, Jenouvrier A, Coquart B 1998 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra. 59 171
Google Scholar
[32] Serdyuchenko A, Gorshelev V, Weber M, Chehade W, Burrows J P 2014 Atmos. Meas. Tech. 7 625
Google Scholar
[33] Thalman R M, Volkamer R 2013 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 15371
Google Scholar
[34] Kraus S 2006 Ph. D. Dissertation (Mannheim: University of Mannheim)
[35] 张佳华 2017 硕士学位论文 (武汉: 武汉大学)
Zhang J H 2017 M. S. Thesis (Wuhan: Wuhan University) (in Chinese)
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