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It is important to control the femtosecond laser filamentation and the supercontinuum (SC) for their potential applications. The use of axicon is beneficial to the filamentation elongation and SC enhancement, because the axicon can convert the incident laser into a Bessel beam and forms a unique longer depth of focus region. On the other hand, the flattened laser beam which has a uniform distribution of the beam intensity, can propagate in condense media with a higher incident energy than that of Gaussian laser beam. It has unique advantages in forming a SC with high energy and high conversion efficiency. In this paper, we combine the use of axicon and the flattened laser beam to form filament and SC in fused silica. First, we study the filamentation generated by the Gaussian beam and the flattened beam, respectively, with the same incident pulse energy (672 μJ). The results show that the flattened beam can generate filament with relative uniform intensity distribution in the focal depth of the axicon and the intensity is relatively smaller than that of the Gaussian beam. It suggests that the flattened laser beam can propagate in fused silica with a higher energy than Gaussian beam. Second, we study the filamentation of the flattened beam of 1.319 mJ. In this case, the filament intensity is close to that of the Gaussian beam with 672 μJ. Moreover, the filamentation of the flattened beam with 1.319 mJ is longer and the intensity distribution is more uniform than that of the Gaussian beam with 672 μJ. Therefore, a flattened laser beam can generate the SC with a higher energy than that of the Gaussian beam in fused silica. The comparison of the spectra shows that the relative spectral intensity of flattened beam with 1.319 mJ in the range of 550–700 nm is much higher than that of the Gaussian beam with 672 μJ. The conversion efficiency of the Gaussian beam and the flattened beam is 32.58% and 39.59%, respectively. It can be seen that the flattened laser beam has advantages not only in generating long and uniform filament, but also in generating the intense SC. This approach is helpful to many applications, such as white light LIDAR and micro-nano processing.
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Keywords:
- filamentation /
- flattened beam /
- axicon /
- supercontinuum
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图 1 实验装置示意图
Figure 1. Experimental setup.
图 2 飞秒高斯激光((a), (c), (e))和平顶激光((b), (d), (f))的初始光斑((c), (d))及其在熔融石英中成丝的荧光图像((a), (b)), 以及成丝轴线上的荧光强度((e), (f))随传输距离的演化. 实验中使用的激光脉冲能量均为672 μJ. 图中箭头方向表示激光传输方向
Figure 2. Fluorescence image ((a), (b)) and the on-axis intensity ((e), (f)) of the filament formed by Gaussian beam ((a), (e)) and flattened beam ((b), (f)) respectively, with an incident energy of 672 μJ; the intensity distributions in the cross sections of (b) Gaussian beam and (d) flattened beam. The inset arrow indicates the laser propagation direction.
图 3 入射能量为1.319 mJ的平顶激光经圆锥透镜在熔融石英中形成的细丝荧光图像(a)及其光轴上的强度随传输距离的演化(b)
Figure 3. Fluorescence image (a) and the on-axis intensity of the filament (b) formed by flattened beam with incident energy of 1.319 mJ.
图 4 入射能量为672 μJ的高斯光束与672 μJ, 1.319 mJ的平顶光束成丝产生的超连续辐射光谱
Figure 4. Supercontinuum spectra from filamentation of the Gaussian beam with an incident energy of 672 μJ and flattened beam with an incident energy of 672 μJ and 1.319 mJ, respectively.
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[1] Braun A, Korn G, Liu X, Du D, Squier J, Mourou G 1995 Opt. Lett. 20 73
Google Scholar
[2] Zhao X M, Diels J C, Wang C Y, Elizondo J M 1995 IEEE J. Quantum Electron 31 599
Google Scholar
[3] Kasparian J, Rodriguez M, Méjean G, Yu J, Salmon E, Wille H, Bourayou R, Frey S, André Y B, Mysyrowicz A, Sauerbrey R, Wolf J P, Wöste L 2003 Science 301 61
Google Scholar
[4] Nguyen N T, Saliminia A, Liu W, Chin S L, Vallée R 2003 Opt. Lett. 28 1591
Google Scholar
[5] Kasparian J, Rohwetter P, Wöste L, Wolf J P 2012 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45 293001
Google Scholar
[6] Dogariu A, Michael J, Scully M O, Miles R B 2011 Science 331 442
Google Scholar
[7] Jhajj N, Rosenthal E W, Birnbaum R, Wahlstrand J K, Milchberg H M 2014 Phys. Rev. X 4 011027
[8] Wang T J, Daigle J F, Yuan S, Théberge F, Châteauneuf M, Dubois J, Roy G, Zeng H, Chin S L 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 053801
Google Scholar
[9] Watanabe W, Itoh K 2001 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40 592
Google Scholar
[10] Camino A, Hao Z Q, Liu X, Lin J Q 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 747
Google Scholar
[11] O’Keefe A, Deacon D A G 1988 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59 2544
Google Scholar
[12] Udem T, Holzwarth R, Hänsch T W 2002 Nature 416 233
Google Scholar
[13] Tu H, Boppart S A 2013 Laser Photonics Rev. 7 628
Google Scholar
[14] Polynkin P, Kolesik M, Roberts A, Roberts A, Faccio D, Trapani P D, Moloney J 2008 Opt. Express 16 15733
Google Scholar
[15] Shi Y, Chen A, Jiang Y F, Li S Y, Jin M X 2016 Opt. Conmmun. 367 174
Google Scholar
[16] Xi T T, Zhao Z J, Hao Z Q 2014 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31 321
Google Scholar
[17] Dota K, Pathak A, Dharmadhikari J A, Mathur D, Dharmadhikari A K 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 023808
[18] 常峻巍, 许梦宁, 王頔, 朱瑞晗, 奚婷婷, 张兰芝, 李东伟, 郝作强 2019 光学学报 39 0126021
Chang J W, Xu M N, Wang D, Zhu R H, Xi T T, Zhang L Z, Li D W, Hao Z Q 2019 Acta Opt. Sin. 39 0126021
[19] 张肖玲, 奚婷婷 2017 中国科学大学学报 34 119
Zhang X L, Xi T T 2017 J. Univ. Chin. Acad. Sci. 34 119
[20] 周宁, 张兰芝, 李东伟, 常峻巍, 王毕艺, 汤磊, 林景全, 郝作强 2018 67 174205
Google Scholar
Zhou N, Zhang L Z, Li D W, Chang J W, Wang B Y, Tang L, Lin J Q, Hao Z Q 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 174205
Google Scholar
[21] 王飞, 张兰芝, 常峻巍, 李东伟, 郝作强 2018 应用物理 8 228
Google Scholar
Wang F, Zhang L Z, Chang J W, Li D W, Hao Z Q 2018 Appl. Phys. 8 228
Google Scholar
[22] Akturk S, Zhou B, Franco M, Couairon A, Mysyrowicz A 2009 Opt. Commun. 282 129
[23] Sun X D, Gao H, Zeng B, Su X Q, Liu W W, Cheng Y, Xu Z Z, Mu G G 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 857
Google Scholar
[24] Majus D, Dubietis A 2013 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 30 994
Google Scholar
[25] Talebpour A, Petit S, Chin S L 1999 Opt. Commun. 171 285
Google Scholar
[26] Wu Z X, Jiang H B, Luo L, Guo H C, Yang H, Gong Q H 2002 Opt. Lett. 27 448
Google Scholar
[27] Liu W, Chin S L, Kosareva O, Golubtsov I S, Kandidov V P 2003 Opt. Commun. 225 193
Google Scholar
[28] Zhang L Z, Xi T T, Hao Z Q, Lin J Q 2016 J. Phys. D: App. Phys. 49 115201
Google Scholar
[29] Chang J W, Zhu R H, Xi T T, Xu M N, Wang D, Zhang L Z, Li D W, Hao Z Q 2019 Chin. Opt. Lett. 17 123201
Google Scholar
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