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It is an important practical problem to accurately recognize whether biological tissue is denatured during high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment. Ultrasonic scattering echo signals are related to some physical properties of biological tissues. According to the characteristics of ultrasonic scattering echo signals, the recognition of denatured biological tissues is studied based on the variational mode decomposition (VMD) and multi-scale permutation entropy (MPE) in this paper. The ultrasonic echo signals are decomposed into various modal components by the VMD. The noise components and the useful components are separated according to the power spectrum information entropy of various modal components. The separated useful signals are reconstructed and the MPE are extracted. Furthermore, Gustafson-Kessel (GK) fuzzy clustering analysis is employed to obtain the standard clustering center, and the recognition of denatured biological tissues is carried out by Euclid approach degree and principle of proximity. The proposed method is applied to ultrasonic scattering echo signal during HIFU treatment. In order to determine the parameters of MPE algorithm for ultrasonic scattering echo signals, the embedding dimension of the MPE is discussed, and the scale factor of the MPE algorithm is optimized by genetic algorithm. When the delay time and the embedding dimension are 2 and 7 respectively, the MPE values decrease with scale factor increasing. Assuming that the scale factor is 12 from optimization results, the 293 ultrasonic scattering echo signals from normal tissues and denatured tissues are analyzed by the MPE. It is found that the MPE values of the denatured tissues are higher than those of the normal tissues. The MPE can be used to distinguish normal tissues and denatured tissues. Comparing with the recognition methods of the EMD-MPE-GK fuzzy clustering method and the VMD-WE-GK fuzzy clustering, the proposed method has good clustering performance and separability. Its partition coefficient (PC) is close to 1 and the Xie-Beni (XB) index is smaller. There are fewer feature points in the overlap region between MPE features of denatured tissues and normal tissues. The recognition results of denatured biological tissues in this experimental environment show that the recognition rate based on this method is higher, reaching up to 93.81%.
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Keywords:
- high intensity focused ultrasound /
- variational mode decomposition /
- power spectrum information entropy /
- multi-scale permutation entropy
[1] Cranston D 2015 Ultrason. Sonochem. 27 654
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[3] Bailey M, Khokhlova V, Sapozhnikov O, Kargl S, Crum L 2003 Acoust.Phys. 49 369
Google Scholar
[4] Worthington A E, Tranchtenberg J, Sherar M D 2002 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 10 1311
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Sheng L, Zhou Z H, Wu S C, Ding Q Y, Zeng Y 2014 Journal of Beijing Polytechnic University 40 139
Google Scholar
[7] Bamber J C, Hill C R 1979 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 5 149
Google Scholar
[8] 明文, 谭乔来, 钱盛友, 邹孝, 廖志远 2015 测试技术学报 5 404
Google Scholar
Ming W, Tan Q L, Qian S Y, Zou X, Liao Z Y 2015 Journal of Test and Measurement Technology 5 404
Google Scholar
[9] Arthur R M, Straube W L, Starman J D, Moros E G 2003 Med. Phys. 30 1021
Google Scholar
[10] Seip R, Ebbini E S 1995 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 42 828
Google Scholar
[11] Parker K J 1983 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 9 363
Google Scholar
[12] Bloch S, Bailey M R, Crum L A, Kaczkowski P J, Keilman G W, Mourad P D 1998 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103 2868
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Google Scholar
[14] 周彦婷, 汪源源 2010 声学学报 5 495
Zhou Y T, Wang Y Y 2010 Acta Acustica 5 495
[15] Dragomiretskiy K, Zosso D 2014 IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 62 531
[16] Li J, Ning X 2006 Phys. Rev. E 73 88
[17] 杨孝敬, 杨阳, 李淮周, 钟宁 2016 65 218701
Google Scholar
Yang X J, Yang Y, Li H Z, Zhong N 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 218701
Google Scholar
[18] 严碧歌, 赵婷婷 2011 60 078701
Yan B G, Zhao T T 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 078701
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Google Scholar
[20] Gao Y, Villecco F, Li M, Song W 2017 Entropy 19 176
Google Scholar
[21] 姚文坡, 刘铁兵, 戴加飞, 王俊 2014 63 078704
Yao W P, Liu T B, Dai J F, Wang J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 078704
[22] Rahimian S,Tavakkoli J 2013 J. Ther. Ultrasound 1 1
[23] Davari A, Marhaban M H, Noor S, Karimadini M, Karimoddini A 2010 Fuzzy Sets Syst. 163 45
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图 1 仿真信号及其对应非噪声成分的时域图 (a)加入噪声的仿真信号时域图; (b)对应非噪声成分的时域图
Figure 1. Time-domain diagram of the simulated signal and its non-noise components: (a) Time-domain diagram of the simulated signal with added noise; (b) time-domain diagram corresponding to non-noise components.
图 2 VMD与EMD的结果 (a)VMD方法; (b)EMD方法
Figure 2. Results of VMD and EMD: (a) VMD method; (b) EMD method.
图 3 实际超声回波信号与VMD结果 (a)实际超声回波信号; (b)超声回波信号VMD结果
Figure 3. Actual ultrasonic echo signals and their VMD results: (a) Actual ultrasonic echo signals; (b) VMD results of ultrasonic echo signals.
图 4 不同嵌入维数时变性与未变性情况的MPE分布 (a) m = 3; (b) m = 5; (c) m = 7
Figure 4. MPE distribution of denatured and undenatured cases with different embedding dimension: (a) m = 3; (b) m = 5; (c) m = 7.
图 5 不同聚类方法对未变性与变性生物组织超声散射回波信号的聚类效果 (a) EMD-MPE-GK; (b) VMD-WE-GK; (c) VMD-MPE-GK
Figure 5. Clustering effect on ultrasonic scattering echo signals of undenatured and denatured biological tissues through different clustering methods: (a) EMD-MPE-GK; (b) VMD-WE-GK; (c) VMD-MPE-GK.
表 1 三组样本在嵌入维数m = 7时各尺度下排列熵平均值
Table 1. The average entropy of the three samples at each scale when the embedding dimension m = 7.
尺度因子s 样本1 样本2 样本3 未变性 变性 未变性 变性 未变性 变性 1 0.7068 0.7396 0.7085 0.7408 0.7028 0.7366 2 0.6504 0.7163 0.6491 0.7013 0.6449 0.6958 3 0.6200 0.6855 0.6194 0.6718 0.6145 0.6715 4 0.5836 0.6498 0.5839 0.6361 0.5781 0.6378 5 0.5569 0.6241 0.5575 0.6176 0.5530 0.6151 6 0.5328 0.5994 0.5329 0.5962 0.5273 0.5934 7 0.5142 0.5780 0.5130 0.5771 0.5087 0.5776 8 0.4954 0.5609 0.4958 0.5618 0.4908 0.5602 9 0.4792 0.5458 0.4796 0.5453 0.4737 0.5418 10 0.4657 0.5313 0.4646 0.5325 0.4622 0.5320 11 0.4536 0.5152 0.4506 0.5246 0.4471 0.5173 12 0.4384 0.5139 0.4379 0.5188 0.4350 0.5059 13 0.4364 0.4626 0.4367 0.4686 0.4289 0.5042 
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表 2 变性与未变性组织识别结果
Table 2. Recognition results of denatured and undenatured tissues.
聚类方法 PC XB 识别率/% VMD-MPE-GK 0.8119 4.498 93.81 EMD-MPE-GK 0.8088 11.589 87.44 VMD-WE-GK 0.790 14.878 85.29
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[1] Cranston D 2015 Ultrason. Sonochem. 27 654
Google Scholar
[2] Ellens N, Hynynen K 2015 Med. Phys. 42 4896
Google Scholar
[3] Bailey M, Khokhlova V, Sapozhnikov O, Kargl S, Crum L 2003 Acoust.Phys. 49 369
Google Scholar
[4] Worthington A E, Tranchtenberg J, Sherar M D 2002 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 10 1311
[5] Damianou C A, Sanghvi N T, Fry F J, Maass-Moreno R 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102 628
Google Scholar
[6] 盛磊, 周著黄, 吴水才, 丁琪瑛, 曾毅 2014 北京工业大学学报 40 139
Google Scholar
Sheng L, Zhou Z H, Wu S C, Ding Q Y, Zeng Y 2014 Journal of Beijing Polytechnic University 40 139
Google Scholar
[7] Bamber J C, Hill C R 1979 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 5 149
Google Scholar
[8] 明文, 谭乔来, 钱盛友, 邹孝, 廖志远 2015 测试技术学报 5 404
Google Scholar
Ming W, Tan Q L, Qian S Y, Zou X, Liao Z Y 2015 Journal of Test and Measurement Technology 5 404
Google Scholar
[9] Arthur R M, Straube W L, Starman J D, Moros E G 2003 Med. Phys. 30 1021
Google Scholar
[10] Seip R, Ebbini E S 1995 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 42 828
Google Scholar
[11] Parker K J 1983 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 9 363
Google Scholar
[12] Bloch S, Bailey M R, Crum L A, Kaczkowski P J, Keilman G W, Mourad P D 1998 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103 2868
[13] Wu Z H, Huang N E, Chen X Y 2009 Adv. Adapt. Data Anal. 1 1
Google Scholar
[14] 周彦婷, 汪源源 2010 声学学报 5 495
Zhou Y T, Wang Y Y 2010 Acta Acustica 5 495
[15] Dragomiretskiy K, Zosso D 2014 IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 62 531
[16] Li J, Ning X 2006 Phys. Rev. E 73 88
[17] 杨孝敬, 杨阳, 李淮周, 钟宁 2016 65 218701
Google Scholar
Yang X J, Yang Y, Li H Z, Zhong N 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 218701
Google Scholar
[18] 严碧歌, 赵婷婷 2011 60 078701
Yan B G, Zhao T T 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 078701
[19] Bandt C, Pompe B 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 174102
Google Scholar
[20] Gao Y, Villecco F, Li M, Song W 2017 Entropy 19 176
Google Scholar
[21] 姚文坡, 刘铁兵, 戴加飞, 王俊 2014 63 078704
Yao W P, Liu T B, Dai J F, Wang J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 078704
[22] Rahimian S,Tavakkoli J 2013 J. Ther. Ultrasound 1 1
[23] Davari A, Marhaban M H, Noor S, Karimadini M, Karimoddini A 2010 Fuzzy Sets Syst. 163 45
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