Overview and advances in skyrmionics

Zhao Wei-Sheng; Huang Yang-Qi; Zhang Xue-Ying; Kang Wang; Lei Na; Zhang You-Guang

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20180554

Abstract

Microelectronic technologies have been developing rapidly in the past half-century following the famous Moore's Law. However, this tendency is beginning to break down due to the thermal effects induced by the leakage current and data traffic. Spintronics sheds light on eliminating this bottleneck by using the spin degree of electron, which attracts great attention from both the academia and industry. The magnetic skyrmion is a particle-like spin texture with topological protection, envisioned as an energy efficient spintronic information carrier due to its nanoscale size, ultra-low driven energy, and high thermal stability. Recent research progress shows that the nucleation, transportation, and detection of skyrmion in room temperature, which affirm its potential application in electronics, lead to a new research field called skyrmionics. In this review article, we first introduce the fundamental concepts and recent progress of magnetic skyrmions, from both the theoretical and experimental point of view. Different types of magnetic skyrmions have different properties due to their physical dynamics. We only focus on the skyrmions stabilized by Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) in the ultra-thin film structures as their small size, high mobility and room temperature stability can provide the perspectives for electronic devices. The skyrmions have already been extensively investigated from both the theoretical and experimental aspects in recent years. Micromagnetic simulation is the main approach to theoretically studying the dynamics of skyrmions and their applications. Most of the innovative skyrmionic devices have first been demonstrated by this method. Experimentally, skyrmions can be measured by various methods, such as the neutron scattering, Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, scanning X-ray transmission microscopy, polar magneto-optical Kerr effect microscope, etc. In the third part of this paper, we present four basic functions of skyrmionic devices ranging from nucleation, motion, detection, to manipulation. The nucleation of skyrmions, corresponding to the information writing in skyrmionic devices, has been widely investigated. A skyrmion can be nucleated by conversion from domain wall pairs, local spin injection, local heating, and spin waves. Then, we focus on the current induced skyrmion motion and compare the two different torques:the spin transfer torque and the spin orbit torque. To read the data, it is necessary to detect skyrmions electrically. One way is to measure the topological Hall effect in a Hall bar. More commonly, skyrmions can be detected through magnetoresistance effects, i.e., giant magnetoresistance/anisotropic magnetoresistance, tunnel magnetore sistance, and non-collinear magnetoresistance, in a junction geometry. For manipulation, it is mainly demonstrated by the voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA). Finally we discuss several representative skyrmionic nano-devices in memory, logic, and neuromorphic applications. The magnetic tunnel junction and the racetrack are two common designs for skyrmionic memory devices. The former can store multiple values in one bit, and the latter can realize fast and efficient data transmission. To control the skyrmionic data in these memories, the VCMA effect is one of the promising approaches, which is used in several designs. For the skyrmionic logic devices, they can be divided into two main types:the transistor and the logic gate. However, until now, these ideas are only demonstrated in simulation, and more efforts in experiment are needed. Besides, novel devices such as artificial synapses and neurons can be realized more naturally by skyrmion due to its particle-like property. In summary, skyrmionics is promising in several aspects, including performance improvement, emerging function and architecture design, and bio-inspired computing. Remarkable progress has been made in the past few years, however the device integration, the materials, and the data transmission still restrict its application. We hope this overview article may present a clear picture about skyrmionics and receive more attention, thus promoting its fast research and development in the future.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Fert Beijing Institute, BDBC, and School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang Univeristy, Beijing 100191, China

Corresponding author: Zhao Wei-Sheng, Weisheng.zhao@buaa.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities in China (Grant No. B16001), the International Collaboration Project from the Ministry of Science and Technology in China (Grant No. 2015DFE12880), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61501013, 61627813, 61571023).

References

[1]	Moore G E 1965 Electronics 38 114
[2]	Waldrop M M 2016 Nature 530 144
[3]	Baibich M N, Broto J M, Fert A, van Dau F N, Petroff F, Eitenne P, Creuzet G, Friederich A, Chazelas J 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 2472
[4]	Fert A 2008 Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 1517
[5]	Julliere M 1975 Phys. Lett. A 54 225
[6]	Parkin S S P, Kaiser C, Panchula A, Rice P M, Hughes B, Samant M, Yang S H 2004 Nat. Mater. 3 862
[7]	Yuasa S, Nagahama T, Fukushima A, Suzuki Y, Ando K 2004 Nat. Mater. 3 868
[8]	Ikeda S, Hayakawa J, Ashizawa Y, Lee Y M, Miura K, Hasegawa H, Tsunoda M, Matsukura F, Ohno H 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 082508
[9]	Albert F J, Katine J A, Buhrman R A, Ralph D C 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 3809
[10]	Katine J A, Albert F J, Buhrman R A, Myers E B, Ralph D C 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 3149
[11]	Borge J, Gorini C, Vignale G, Raimondi R 2015 Acta Phys. Pol. A 127 457
[12]	Jamali M, Narayanapillai K, Qiu X, Loong L M, Manchon A, Yang H 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 246602
[13]	Sinova J, Valenzuela S O, Wunderlich J, Back C H, Jungwirth T 2015 Rev. Mod. Phys. 87 1213
[14]	You L, Lee O, Bhowmik D, Labanowski D, Hong J, Bokor J, Salahuddin S 2015 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 112 10310
[15]	Zhao W, Wang Z, Peng S, Wang L, Chang L, Zhang Y 2016 Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron. 46 107306
[16]	Skyrme T H R 1962 Nucl. Phys. 31 556
[17]	Wright D C, Mermin N D 1989 Rev. Mod. Phys. 61 385
[18]	Ho T L 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 742
[19]	Sondhi S L, Karlhede A, Kivelson S A, Rezayi E H 1993 Phys. Rev. B 47 16419
[20]	Belavin A A, Polyakov A M 1975 JETP Lett. 22 503
[21]	Abanov A, Pokrovsky V L 1998 Phys. Rev. B 58 R8889
[22]	Yang K, Moon K, Zheng L, MacDonald A H, Girvin S M, Yoshioka D, Zhang S C 1994 Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 732
[23]	Rler U K, Bogdanov A N, Pfleiderer C 2006 Nature 442 797
[24]	Muhlbauer S, Binz B, Jonietz F, Pfleiderer C, Rosch A, Neubauer A, Georgii R, Boni P 2009 Science 323 915
[25]	Neubauer A, Pfleiderer C, Binz B, Rosch A, Ritz R, Niklowitz P G, Bni P 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 186602
[26]	Pappas C, Lelivre-Berna E, Falus P, Bentley P M, Moskvin E, Grigoriev S, Fouquet P, Farago B 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 197202
[27]	Heinze S, von Bergmann K, Menzel M, Brede J, Kubetzka A, Wiesendanger R, Bihlmayer G, Blgel S 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 713
[28]	Yu X Z, Onose Y, Kanazawa N, Park J H, Han J H, Matsui Y, Nagaosa N, Tokura Y 2010 Nature 465 901
[29]	Du H, Degrave J P, Xue F, Liang D, Ning W, Yang J, Tian M, Zhang Y, Jin S 2014 Nano Lett. 14 2026
[30]	Zhao X, Jin C, Wang C, Du H, Zang J, Tian M, Che R, Zhang Y 2016 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113 4918
[31]	Fert A, Cros V, Sampaio J 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 152
[32]	Sampaio J, Cros V, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Fert A 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 839
[33]	Moreau-Luchaire C, Moutafis C, Reyren N, Sampaio J, Vaz C A F, Van Horne N, Bouzehouane K, Garcia K, Deranlot C, Warnicke P, Wohlhter P, George J M, Weigand M, Raabe J, Cros V, Fert A 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 444
[34]	Woo S, Litzius K, Krger B, Im M Y, Caretta L, Richter K, Mann M, Krone A, Reeve R M, Weigand M, Agrawal P, Lemesh I, Mawass M A, Fischer P, Klui M, Beach G S D 2016 Nat. Mater. 15 501
[35]	Chen G, Mascaraque A, N'Diaye A T, Schmid A K 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 242404
[36]	Jiang W, Upadhyaya P, Zhang W, Yu G, Jungfleisch M B, Fradin F Y, Pearson J E, Tserkovnyak Y, Wang K L, Heinonen O, te Velthuis S G E, Hoffmann A 2015 Science 349 283
[37]	Zhang X, Ezawa M, Zhou Y 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 064406
[38]	Yu G, Jenkins A, Ma X, Razavi S A, He C, Yin G, Shao Q, He Q L, Wu H, Li W, Jiang W, Han X, Li X, Bleszynski Jayich A C, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2018 Nano Lett. 18 980
[39]	Tokunaga Y, Yu X Z, White J S, Rnnow H M, Morikawa D, Taguchi Y, Tokura Y 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7638
[40]	Karube K, White J S, Reynolds N, Gavilano J L, Oike H, Kikkawa A, Kagawa F, Tokunaga Y, Rnnow H M, Tokura Y, Taguchi Y 2016 Nat. Mater. 15 1237
[41]	Li W, Jin C, Che R, Wei W, Lin L, Zhang L, Du H, Tian M, Zang J 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 060409
[42]	Mnzer W, Neubauer A, Adams T, Mhlbauer S, Franz C, Jonietz F, Georgii R, Bni P, Pedersen B, Schmidt M, Rosch A, Pfleiderer C 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 041203
[43]	Zhang X, Ezawa M, Zhou Y 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 9400
[44]	Luo S, Song M, Li X, Zhang Y, Hong J, Yang X, Zou X, Xu N, You L 2018 Nano Lett. 18 1180
[45]	Huang Y, Kang W, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2016 Nanotechnology 28 08LT02
[46]	Li S, Kang W, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2017 Nanotechnology 28 31LT01
[47]	Chen X, Kang W, Zhu D, Zhang X, Lei N, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2018 Nanoscale 10 6139
[48]	Fert A, Reyren N, Cros V 2017 Nat. Rev. Mater. 2 17031
[49]	Wiesendanger R 2016 Nat. Rev. Mater. 1 16044
[50]	Kang W, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2016 Proc. IEEE 104 2040
[51]	Lin Y S, Grundy P J, Giess E A 1973 Appl. Phys. Lett. 23 485
[52]	Garel T, Doniach S 1982 Phys. Rev. B 26 325
[53]	Takao S 1983 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 3134 1009
[54]	Dzyaloshinsky I 1958 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 4 241
[55]	Moriya T 1960 Phys. Rev. 120 91
[56]	Okubo T, Chung S, Kawamura H 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 017206
[57]	Fert A R 1990 Mater. Sci. Forum 5960 439
[58]	Fert A, Levy P M 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 1538
[59]	Shibata K, Yu X Z, Hara T, Morikawa D, Kanazawa N, Kimoto K, Ishiwata S, Matsui Y, Tokura Y 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 723
[60]	Braun H B 2012 Adv. Phys. 6 1
[61]	Kim B S, Shapere A D 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 116805
[62]	Yi S D, Onoda S, Nagaosa N, Han J H 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 054416
[63]	Shiomi Y, Kanazawa N, Shibata K, Onose Y, Tokura Y 2013 Phys. Rev. B 88 064409
[64]	Iwasaki J, Mochizuki M, Nagaosa N 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 742
[65]	Miao B F, Sun L, Wu Y W, Tao X D, Xiong X, Wen Y, Cao R X, Wang P, Wu D, Zhan Q F, You B, Du J, Li R W, Ding H F 2014 Phys. Rev. B 90 174411
[66]	Sun L, Cao R X, Miao B F, Feng Z, You B, Wu D, Zhang W, Hu A, Ding H F 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 167201
[67]	Wang W, Zhang Y, Xu G, Peng L, Ding B, Wang Y, Hou Z, Zhang X, Li X, Liu E, Wang S, Cai J, Wang F, Li J, Hu F, Wu G, Shen B, Zhang X X 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 6887
[68]	Zheng F, Li H, Wang S, Song D, Jin C, Wei W, Kovcs A, Zang J, Tian M, Zhang Y, Du H, Dunin-Borkowski R E 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 197205
[69]	Koshibae W, Nagaosa N 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 10542
[70]	Shen M, Zhang Y, Ou-Yang J, Yang X, You L 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 062403
[71]	Zhang X, Xia J, Zhou Y, Wang D, Liu X, Zhao W, Ezawa M 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 094420
[72]	Komineas S, Papanicolaou N 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 174405
[73]	Brown W F 1978 J. Appl. Phys. 49 1937
[74]	Gilbert T L 1955 Phys. Rev. 100 1243
[75]	Landau L, Lifshits E 1935 Phys. Zeitsch. der Sow. 8 153
[76]	Thiaville A, Nakatani Y, Miltat J, Suzuki Y 2005 Europhys. Lett. 69 990
[77]	Khvalkovskiy A V, Cros V, Apalkov D, Nikitin V, Krounbi M, Zvezdin K A, Anane A, Grollier J, Fert A 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 020402
[78]	Mehlin A, Xue F, Liang D, Du H F, Stolt M J, Jin S, Tian M L, Poggio M 2015 Nano Lett. 15 4839
[79]	Yu X, Degrave J P, Hara Y, Hara T, Jin S, Tokura Y 2013 Nano Lett. 13 3755
[80]	Wang C, Du H, Zhao X, Jin C, Tian M, Zhang Y, Che R 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2921
[81]	Jin C M, Du H F 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 128501
[82]	Yu X Z, Kanazawa N, Onose Y, Kimoto K, Zhang W Z, Ishiwata S, Matsui Y, Tokura Y 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 106
[83]	Boulle O, Vogel J, Yang H, Pizzini S, de Souza Chaves D, Locatelli A, Menteș T O, Sala A, Buda-Prejbeanu L D, Klein O et al. 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 449
[84]	Milde P, Kohler D, Seidel J, Eng L M, Bauer A, Chacon A, Kindervater J, Muhlbauer S, Pfleiderer C, Buhrandt S, Schutte C, Rosch A 2013 Science 340 1076
[85]	Legrand W, Maccariello D, Reyren N, Garcia K, Moutafis C, Moreau-Luchaire C, Collin S, Bouzehouane K, Cros V, Fert A 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2703
[86]	Du H, Ning W, Tian M, Zhang Y 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 014401
[87]	Zhang L, Menzel D, Jin C, Du H, Ge M, Zhang C, Pi L, Tian M, Zhang Y 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 024403
[88]	Zhang L, Han H, Ge M, Du H, Jin C, Wei W, Fan J, Zhang C, Pi L, Zhang Y 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 22397
[89]	Huang S X, Chien C L 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 267201
[90]	Du H, Liang D, Jin C, Kong L, Stolt M J, Ning W, Yang J, Xing Y, Wang J, Che R, Zang J, Jin S, Zhang Y, Tian M 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7637
[91]	Li Z A, Zheng F, Tavabi A H, Caron J, Jin C, Du H, Kovcs A, Tian M, Farle M, Dunin-Borkowski R E 2017 Nano Lett. 17 1395
[92]	Du H, Che R, Kong L, Zhao X, Jin C, Wang C, Yang J, Ning W, Li R, Jin C, Chen X, Zang J, Zhang Y, Tian M 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8504
[93]	Jin C, Li Z A, Kovcs A, Caron J, Zheng F, Rybakov F N, Kiselev N S, Du H, Blgel S, Tian M, Zhang Y, Farle M, Dunin-Borkowski R E 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15569
[94]	Koshibae W, Nagaosa N 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5148
[95]	Finazzi M, Savoini M, Khorsand A R, Tsukamoto A, Itoh A, Du L, Kirilyuk A, Rasing T, Ezawa M 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 177205
[96]	Liu Y, Yin G, Zang J, Shi J, Lake R K 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 152411
[97]	Du H, Ning W, Tian M, Zhang Y 2013 Europhys. Lett. 101 37001
[98]	Liu Y, Du H, Jia M, Du A 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 094425
[99]	Liu Y, Yan H, Jia M, Du H, Du A 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 102402
[100]	Kang W, Huang Y, Zheng C, L W, Lei N, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 23164
[101]	Xia J, Huang Y, Zhang X, Kang W, Zheng C, Liu X, Zhao W, Zhou Y 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 122 153901
[102]	Zhang X, Zhou Y, Ezawa M 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 024415
[103]	Romming N, Hanneken C, Menzel M, Bickel J E, Wolter B, von Bergmann K, Kubetzka A, Wiesendanger R 2013 Science 341 636
[104]	Hsu P J, Kubetzka A, Finco A, Romming N, von Bergmann K, Wiesendanger R 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 12 123
[105]	Zhou Y, Ezawa M 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4652
[106]	Heinonen O, Jiang W, Somaily H, te Velthuis S G E, Hoffmann A 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 094407
[107]	Yu G, Upadhyaya P, Li X, Li W, Kim S K, Fan Y, Wong K L, Tserkovnyak Y, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2016 Nano Lett. 16 1981
[108]	Volovik G E 1987 J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 20 L83
[109]	Yang S A, Beach G S D, Knutson C, Xiao D, Niu Q, Tsoi M, Erskine J L 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 067201
[110]	Hai P N, Ohya S, Tanaka M, Barnes S E, Maekawa S 2009 Nature 458 489
[111]	Barnes S E, Maekawa S 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 246601
[112]	Everschor-Sitte K, Sitte M 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 115 172602
[113]	Schulz T, Ritz R, Bauer A, Halder M, Wagner M, Franz C, Pfleiderer C, Everschor K, Garst M, Rosch A 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 301
[114]	Iwasaki J, Mochizuki M, Nagaosa N 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1463
[115]	Li Y, Kanazawa N, Yu X Z, Tsukazaki A, Kawasaki M, Ichikawa M, Jin X F, Kagawa F, Tokura Y 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 117202
[116]	Zang J, Mostovoy M, Han J H, Nagaosa N 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 136804
[117]	Lin S Z, Reichhardt C, Batista C D, Saxena A 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 214419
[118]	Thiele A A 1973 Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 230
[119]	Thiele A A 1974 J. Appl. Phys. 45 377
[120]	Thiele A A 1969 Bell Syst. Tech. J. 48 3287
[121]	Stone M 1996 Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 53 16573
[122]	Nagaosa N, Tokura Y 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 899
[123]	Zhang X, Zhao G P, Fangohr H, Liu J P, Xia W X, Xia J, Morvan F J 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 7643
[124]	Zhang X, Xia J, Zhao G P, Liu X, Zhou Y 2016 IEEE Trans. Magn. 53 1500206
[125]	Tomasello R, Martinez E, Zivieri R, Torres L, Carpentieri M, Finocchio G 2015 Sci. Rep. 4 6784
[126]	Jiang W, Zhang X, Yu G, Zhang W, Wang X, Benjamin Jungfleisch M, Pearson J E, Cheng X, Heinonen O, Wang K L, Zhou Y, Hoffmann A, te Velthuis S G E 2017 Nat. Phys. 13 162
[127]	Litzius K, Lemesh I, Krger B, Bassirian P, Caretta L, Richter K, Bttner F, Sato K, Tretiakov O A, Frster J, Reeve R M, Weigand M, Bykova I, Stoll H, Schtz G, Beach G S D, Klui M 2017 Nat. Phys. 13 170
[128]	Chen X, Kang W, Zhu D, Zhang X, Lei N, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 202406
[129]	Upadhyaya P, Yu G, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 134411
[130]	Zhang Y, Luo S, Yan B, Ou-Yang J, Yang X, Chen S, Zhu B, You L 2017 Nanoscale 9 10212
[131]	Kong L, Zang J 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 67203
[132]	Mochizuki M, Yu X Z, Seki S, Kanazawa N, Koshibae W, Zang J, Mostovoy M, Tokura Y, Nagaosa N 2014 Nat. Mater. 13 241
[133]	Wang C, Xiao D, Chen X, Zhou Y, Liu Y 2017 New J. Phys. 19 083008
[134]	Zhang X, Ezawa M, Xiao D, Zhao G P, Liu Y, Zhou Y 2015 Nanotechnology 26 225701
[135]	Ding J, Yang X, Zhu T 2015 IEEE Trans. Magn. 51 1500504
[136]	Zhang X, Mller J, Xia J, Garst M, Liu X, Zhou Y 2017 New J. Phys. 19 065001
[137]	Li Z, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Wang C, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Kang W, Koli S C, Lei N 2018 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 455 19
[138]	Wang X, Gan W L, Martinez J C, Tan F N, Jalil M B A, Lew W S 2018 Nanoscale 10 733
[139]	Liu Y, Lei N, Wang C, Zhang X, Kang W, Zhu D, Zhou Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhao W 2018 Arxiv Prepr. 1803.05615
[140]	Yin G, Liu Y, Barlas Y, Zang J, Lake R K 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 024411
[141]	Liang D, DeGrave J P, Stolt M J, Tokura Y, Jin S 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8217
[142]	Crum D M, Bouhassoune M, Bouaziz J, Schweflinghaus B, Blgel S, Lounis S 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8541
[143]	Hamamoto K, Ezawa M, Nagaosa N 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 112401
[144]	Koshibae W, Kaneko Y, Iwasaki J, Kawasaki M, Tokura Y, Nagaosa N 2015 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54 053001
[145]	Hanneken C, Otte F, Kubetzka A, Dup B, Romming N, von Bergmann K, Wiesendanger R, Heinze S 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 1039
[146]	Li C H, van't Erve O M J, Robinson J T, Liu Y, Li L, Jonker B T 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 218
[147]	Bode M, Heinze S, Kubetzka A, Pietzsch O, Nie X, Bihlmayer G, Blgel S, Wiesendanger R 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 237205
[148]	Zhang S S L, Vignale G, Zhang S 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 024412
[149]	Gould C, Rster C, Jungwirth T, Girgis E, Schott G M, Giraud R, Brunner K, Schmidt G, Molenkamp L W 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 117203
[150]	Liu G B, Li D, de Chatel P F, Wang J, Liu W, Zhang Z D 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 067203
[151]	Zhang X, Zhou Y, Ezawa M, Zhao G P, Zhao W 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 11369
[152]	Zhang X, Cai W, Zhang X, Wang Z, Li Z, Zhang Y, Cao K, Lei N, Kang W, Zhang Y, Yu H, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2018 Arxiv Prepr. 1803.05138
[153]	Parkin S S P, Hayashi M, Thomas L 2008 Science 320 190
[154]	Kang W, Zheng C, Huang Y, Zhang X, L W, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2017 IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 64 1060
[155]	Yu G, Upadhyaya P, Shao Q, Wu H, Yin G, Li X, He C, Jiang W, Han X, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2017 Nano Lett. 17 261
[156]	Kang W, Zheng C, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, L W, Zhao W 2016 IEEE Electron Device Lett. 37 924
[157]	Kita K, Abraham D W, Gajek M J, Worledge D C 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 112 033919
[158]	Schellekens A J, van den Brink A, Franken J H, Swagten H J M, Koopmans B 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 847
[159]	Shiota Y, Murakami S, Bonell F, Nozaki T, Shinjo T, Suzuki Y 2011 Appl. Phys. Express 4 043005
[160]	Yu X Z, Kanazawa N, Zhang W Z, Nagai T, Hara T, Kimoto K, Matsui Y, Onose Y, Tokura Y 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 988
[161]	White J S, Levatić I, Omrani A A, Egetenmeyer N, Pra K, Živković I, Gavilano J L, Kohlbrecher J, Bartkowiak M, Berger H, Rnnow H M 2012 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 24 432201
[162]	Seki S, Yu X Z, Ishiwata S, Tokura Y 2012 Science 336 198
[163]	Jiang W, Zhang W, Yu G, Jungfleisch M B, Upadhyaya P, Somaily H, Pearson J E, Tserkovnyak Y, Wang K L, Heinonen O, te Velthuis S G E, Hoffmann A 2016 AIP Adv. 6 055602
[164]	Perez N, Martinez E, Torres L, Woo S H, Emori S, Beach G S D 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 189
[165]	Zhang X, Zhou Y, Ezawa M 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 10293
[166]	Purnama I, Gan W L, Wong D W, Lew W S 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 10620
[167]	Luo S, Zhang Y, Shen M, Ou-Yang J, Yan B, Yang X, Chen S, Zhu B, You L 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 112402
[168]	Zhu D, Kang W, Li S, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2018 IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 65 87

Cited By

[1]	Moore G E 1965 Electronics 38 114
[2]	Waldrop M M 2016 Nature 530 144
[3]	Baibich M N, Broto J M, Fert A, van Dau F N, Petroff F, Eitenne P, Creuzet G, Friederich A, Chazelas J 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 2472
[4]	Fert A 2008 Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 1517
[5]	Julliere M 1975 Phys. Lett. A 54 225
[6]	Parkin S S P, Kaiser C, Panchula A, Rice P M, Hughes B, Samant M, Yang S H 2004 Nat. Mater. 3 862
[7]	Yuasa S, Nagahama T, Fukushima A, Suzuki Y, Ando K 2004 Nat. Mater. 3 868
[8]	Ikeda S, Hayakawa J, Ashizawa Y, Lee Y M, Miura K, Hasegawa H, Tsunoda M, Matsukura F, Ohno H 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 082508
[9]	Albert F J, Katine J A, Buhrman R A, Ralph D C 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 3809
[10]	Katine J A, Albert F J, Buhrman R A, Myers E B, Ralph D C 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 3149
[11]	Borge J, Gorini C, Vignale G, Raimondi R 2015 Acta Phys. Pol. A 127 457
[12]	Jamali M, Narayanapillai K, Qiu X, Loong L M, Manchon A, Yang H 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 246602
[13]	Sinova J, Valenzuela S O, Wunderlich J, Back C H, Jungwirth T 2015 Rev. Mod. Phys. 87 1213
[14]	You L, Lee O, Bhowmik D, Labanowski D, Hong J, Bokor J, Salahuddin S 2015 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 112 10310
[15]	Zhao W, Wang Z, Peng S, Wang L, Chang L, Zhang Y 2016 Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron. 46 107306
[16]	Skyrme T H R 1962 Nucl. Phys. 31 556
[17]	Wright D C, Mermin N D 1989 Rev. Mod. Phys. 61 385
[18]	Ho T L 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 742
[19]	Sondhi S L, Karlhede A, Kivelson S A, Rezayi E H 1993 Phys. Rev. B 47 16419
[20]	Belavin A A, Polyakov A M 1975 JETP Lett. 22 503
[21]	Abanov A, Pokrovsky V L 1998 Phys. Rev. B 58 R8889
[22]	Yang K, Moon K, Zheng L, MacDonald A H, Girvin S M, Yoshioka D, Zhang S C 1994 Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 732
[23]	Rler U K, Bogdanov A N, Pfleiderer C 2006 Nature 442 797
[24]	Muhlbauer S, Binz B, Jonietz F, Pfleiderer C, Rosch A, Neubauer A, Georgii R, Boni P 2009 Science 323 915
[25]	Neubauer A, Pfleiderer C, Binz B, Rosch A, Ritz R, Niklowitz P G, Bni P 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 186602
[26]	Pappas C, Lelivre-Berna E, Falus P, Bentley P M, Moskvin E, Grigoriev S, Fouquet P, Farago B 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 197202
[27]	Heinze S, von Bergmann K, Menzel M, Brede J, Kubetzka A, Wiesendanger R, Bihlmayer G, Blgel S 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 713
[28]	Yu X Z, Onose Y, Kanazawa N, Park J H, Han J H, Matsui Y, Nagaosa N, Tokura Y 2010 Nature 465 901
[29]	Du H, Degrave J P, Xue F, Liang D, Ning W, Yang J, Tian M, Zhang Y, Jin S 2014 Nano Lett. 14 2026
[30]	Zhao X, Jin C, Wang C, Du H, Zang J, Tian M, Che R, Zhang Y 2016 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113 4918
[31]	Fert A, Cros V, Sampaio J 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 152
[32]	Sampaio J, Cros V, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Fert A 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 839
[33]	Moreau-Luchaire C, Moutafis C, Reyren N, Sampaio J, Vaz C A F, Van Horne N, Bouzehouane K, Garcia K, Deranlot C, Warnicke P, Wohlhter P, George J M, Weigand M, Raabe J, Cros V, Fert A 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 444
[34]	Woo S, Litzius K, Krger B, Im M Y, Caretta L, Richter K, Mann M, Krone A, Reeve R M, Weigand M, Agrawal P, Lemesh I, Mawass M A, Fischer P, Klui M, Beach G S D 2016 Nat. Mater. 15 501
[35]	Chen G, Mascaraque A, N'Diaye A T, Schmid A K 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 242404
[36]	Jiang W, Upadhyaya P, Zhang W, Yu G, Jungfleisch M B, Fradin F Y, Pearson J E, Tserkovnyak Y, Wang K L, Heinonen O, te Velthuis S G E, Hoffmann A 2015 Science 349 283
[37]	Zhang X, Ezawa M, Zhou Y 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 064406
[38]	Yu G, Jenkins A, Ma X, Razavi S A, He C, Yin G, Shao Q, He Q L, Wu H, Li W, Jiang W, Han X, Li X, Bleszynski Jayich A C, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2018 Nano Lett. 18 980
[39]	Tokunaga Y, Yu X Z, White J S, Rnnow H M, Morikawa D, Taguchi Y, Tokura Y 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7638
[40]	Karube K, White J S, Reynolds N, Gavilano J L, Oike H, Kikkawa A, Kagawa F, Tokunaga Y, Rnnow H M, Tokura Y, Taguchi Y 2016 Nat. Mater. 15 1237
[41]	Li W, Jin C, Che R, Wei W, Lin L, Zhang L, Du H, Tian M, Zang J 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 060409
[42]	Mnzer W, Neubauer A, Adams T, Mhlbauer S, Franz C, Jonietz F, Georgii R, Bni P, Pedersen B, Schmidt M, Rosch A, Pfleiderer C 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 041203
[43]	Zhang X, Ezawa M, Zhou Y 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 9400
[44]	Luo S, Song M, Li X, Zhang Y, Hong J, Yang X, Zou X, Xu N, You L 2018 Nano Lett. 18 1180
[45]	Huang Y, Kang W, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2016 Nanotechnology 28 08LT02
[46]	Li S, Kang W, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2017 Nanotechnology 28 31LT01
[47]	Chen X, Kang W, Zhu D, Zhang X, Lei N, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2018 Nanoscale 10 6139
[48]	Fert A, Reyren N, Cros V 2017 Nat. Rev. Mater. 2 17031
[49]	Wiesendanger R 2016 Nat. Rev. Mater. 1 16044
[50]	Kang W, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2016 Proc. IEEE 104 2040
[51]	Lin Y S, Grundy P J, Giess E A 1973 Appl. Phys. Lett. 23 485
[52]	Garel T, Doniach S 1982 Phys. Rev. B 26 325
[53]	Takao S 1983 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 3134 1009
[54]	Dzyaloshinsky I 1958 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 4 241
[55]	Moriya T 1960 Phys. Rev. 120 91
[56]	Okubo T, Chung S, Kawamura H 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 017206
[57]	Fert A R 1990 Mater. Sci. Forum 5960 439
[58]	Fert A, Levy P M 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 1538
[59]	Shibata K, Yu X Z, Hara T, Morikawa D, Kanazawa N, Kimoto K, Ishiwata S, Matsui Y, Tokura Y 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 723
[60]	Braun H B 2012 Adv. Phys. 6 1
[61]	Kim B S, Shapere A D 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 116805
[62]	Yi S D, Onoda S, Nagaosa N, Han J H 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 054416
[63]	Shiomi Y, Kanazawa N, Shibata K, Onose Y, Tokura Y 2013 Phys. Rev. B 88 064409
[64]	Iwasaki J, Mochizuki M, Nagaosa N 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 742
[65]	Miao B F, Sun L, Wu Y W, Tao X D, Xiong X, Wen Y, Cao R X, Wang P, Wu D, Zhan Q F, You B, Du J, Li R W, Ding H F 2014 Phys. Rev. B 90 174411
[66]	Sun L, Cao R X, Miao B F, Feng Z, You B, Wu D, Zhang W, Hu A, Ding H F 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 167201
[67]	Wang W, Zhang Y, Xu G, Peng L, Ding B, Wang Y, Hou Z, Zhang X, Li X, Liu E, Wang S, Cai J, Wang F, Li J, Hu F, Wu G, Shen B, Zhang X X 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 6887
[68]	Zheng F, Li H, Wang S, Song D, Jin C, Wei W, Kovcs A, Zang J, Tian M, Zhang Y, Du H, Dunin-Borkowski R E 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 197205
[69]	Koshibae W, Nagaosa N 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 10542
[70]	Shen M, Zhang Y, Ou-Yang J, Yang X, You L 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 062403
[71]	Zhang X, Xia J, Zhou Y, Wang D, Liu X, Zhao W, Ezawa M 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 094420
[72]	Komineas S, Papanicolaou N 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 174405
[73]	Brown W F 1978 J. Appl. Phys. 49 1937
[74]	Gilbert T L 1955 Phys. Rev. 100 1243
[75]	Landau L, Lifshits E 1935 Phys. Zeitsch. der Sow. 8 153
[76]	Thiaville A, Nakatani Y, Miltat J, Suzuki Y 2005 Europhys. Lett. 69 990
[77]	Khvalkovskiy A V, Cros V, Apalkov D, Nikitin V, Krounbi M, Zvezdin K A, Anane A, Grollier J, Fert A 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 020402
[78]	Mehlin A, Xue F, Liang D, Du H F, Stolt M J, Jin S, Tian M L, Poggio M 2015 Nano Lett. 15 4839
[79]	Yu X, Degrave J P, Hara Y, Hara T, Jin S, Tokura Y 2013 Nano Lett. 13 3755
[80]	Wang C, Du H, Zhao X, Jin C, Tian M, Zhang Y, Che R 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2921
[81]	Jin C M, Du H F 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 128501
[82]	Yu X Z, Kanazawa N, Onose Y, Kimoto K, Zhang W Z, Ishiwata S, Matsui Y, Tokura Y 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 106
[83]	Boulle O, Vogel J, Yang H, Pizzini S, de Souza Chaves D, Locatelli A, Menteș T O, Sala A, Buda-Prejbeanu L D, Klein O et al. 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 449
[84]	Milde P, Kohler D, Seidel J, Eng L M, Bauer A, Chacon A, Kindervater J, Muhlbauer S, Pfleiderer C, Buhrandt S, Schutte C, Rosch A 2013 Science 340 1076
[85]	Legrand W, Maccariello D, Reyren N, Garcia K, Moutafis C, Moreau-Luchaire C, Collin S, Bouzehouane K, Cros V, Fert A 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2703
[86]	Du H, Ning W, Tian M, Zhang Y 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 014401
[87]	Zhang L, Menzel D, Jin C, Du H, Ge M, Zhang C, Pi L, Tian M, Zhang Y 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 024403
[88]	Zhang L, Han H, Ge M, Du H, Jin C, Wei W, Fan J, Zhang C, Pi L, Zhang Y 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 22397
[89]	Huang S X, Chien C L 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 267201
[90]	Du H, Liang D, Jin C, Kong L, Stolt M J, Ning W, Yang J, Xing Y, Wang J, Che R, Zang J, Jin S, Zhang Y, Tian M 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7637
[91]	Li Z A, Zheng F, Tavabi A H, Caron J, Jin C, Du H, Kovcs A, Tian M, Farle M, Dunin-Borkowski R E 2017 Nano Lett. 17 1395
[92]	Du H, Che R, Kong L, Zhao X, Jin C, Wang C, Yang J, Ning W, Li R, Jin C, Chen X, Zang J, Zhang Y, Tian M 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8504
[93]	Jin C, Li Z A, Kovcs A, Caron J, Zheng F, Rybakov F N, Kiselev N S, Du H, Blgel S, Tian M, Zhang Y, Farle M, Dunin-Borkowski R E 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15569
[94]	Koshibae W, Nagaosa N 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5148
[95]	Finazzi M, Savoini M, Khorsand A R, Tsukamoto A, Itoh A, Du L, Kirilyuk A, Rasing T, Ezawa M 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 177205
[96]	Liu Y, Yin G, Zang J, Shi J, Lake R K 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 152411
[97]	Du H, Ning W, Tian M, Zhang Y 2013 Europhys. Lett. 101 37001
[98]	Liu Y, Du H, Jia M, Du A 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 094425
[99]	Liu Y, Yan H, Jia M, Du H, Du A 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 102402
[100]	Kang W, Huang Y, Zheng C, L W, Lei N, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 23164
[101]	Xia J, Huang Y, Zhang X, Kang W, Zheng C, Liu X, Zhao W, Zhou Y 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 122 153901
[102]	Zhang X, Zhou Y, Ezawa M 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 024415
[103]	Romming N, Hanneken C, Menzel M, Bickel J E, Wolter B, von Bergmann K, Kubetzka A, Wiesendanger R 2013 Science 341 636
[104]	Hsu P J, Kubetzka A, Finco A, Romming N, von Bergmann K, Wiesendanger R 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 12 123
[105]	Zhou Y, Ezawa M 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4652
[106]	Heinonen O, Jiang W, Somaily H, te Velthuis S G E, Hoffmann A 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 094407
[107]	Yu G, Upadhyaya P, Li X, Li W, Kim S K, Fan Y, Wong K L, Tserkovnyak Y, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2016 Nano Lett. 16 1981
[108]	Volovik G E 1987 J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 20 L83
[109]	Yang S A, Beach G S D, Knutson C, Xiao D, Niu Q, Tsoi M, Erskine J L 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 067201
[110]	Hai P N, Ohya S, Tanaka M, Barnes S E, Maekawa S 2009 Nature 458 489
[111]	Barnes S E, Maekawa S 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 246601
[112]	Everschor-Sitte K, Sitte M 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 115 172602
[113]	Schulz T, Ritz R, Bauer A, Halder M, Wagner M, Franz C, Pfleiderer C, Everschor K, Garst M, Rosch A 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 301
[114]	Iwasaki J, Mochizuki M, Nagaosa N 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1463
[115]	Li Y, Kanazawa N, Yu X Z, Tsukazaki A, Kawasaki M, Ichikawa M, Jin X F, Kagawa F, Tokura Y 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 117202
[116]	Zang J, Mostovoy M, Han J H, Nagaosa N 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 136804
[117]	Lin S Z, Reichhardt C, Batista C D, Saxena A 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 214419
[118]	Thiele A A 1973 Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 230
[119]	Thiele A A 1974 J. Appl. Phys. 45 377
[120]	Thiele A A 1969 Bell Syst. Tech. J. 48 3287
[121]	Stone M 1996 Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 53 16573
[122]	Nagaosa N, Tokura Y 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 899
[123]	Zhang X, Zhao G P, Fangohr H, Liu J P, Xia W X, Xia J, Morvan F J 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 7643
[124]	Zhang X, Xia J, Zhao G P, Liu X, Zhou Y 2016 IEEE Trans. Magn. 53 1500206
[125]	Tomasello R, Martinez E, Zivieri R, Torres L, Carpentieri M, Finocchio G 2015 Sci. Rep. 4 6784
[126]	Jiang W, Zhang X, Yu G, Zhang W, Wang X, Benjamin Jungfleisch M, Pearson J E, Cheng X, Heinonen O, Wang K L, Zhou Y, Hoffmann A, te Velthuis S G E 2017 Nat. Phys. 13 162
[127]	Litzius K, Lemesh I, Krger B, Bassirian P, Caretta L, Richter K, Bttner F, Sato K, Tretiakov O A, Frster J, Reeve R M, Weigand M, Bykova I, Stoll H, Schtz G, Beach G S D, Klui M 2017 Nat. Phys. 13 170
[128]	Chen X, Kang W, Zhu D, Zhang X, Lei N, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 202406
[129]	Upadhyaya P, Yu G, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 134411
[130]	Zhang Y, Luo S, Yan B, Ou-Yang J, Yang X, Chen S, Zhu B, You L 2017 Nanoscale 9 10212
[131]	Kong L, Zang J 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 67203
[132]	Mochizuki M, Yu X Z, Seki S, Kanazawa N, Koshibae W, Zang J, Mostovoy M, Tokura Y, Nagaosa N 2014 Nat. Mater. 13 241
[133]	Wang C, Xiao D, Chen X, Zhou Y, Liu Y 2017 New J. Phys. 19 083008
[134]	Zhang X, Ezawa M, Xiao D, Zhao G P, Liu Y, Zhou Y 2015 Nanotechnology 26 225701
[135]	Ding J, Yang X, Zhu T 2015 IEEE Trans. Magn. 51 1500504
[136]	Zhang X, Mller J, Xia J, Garst M, Liu X, Zhou Y 2017 New J. Phys. 19 065001
[137]	Li Z, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Wang C, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Kang W, Koli S C, Lei N 2018 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 455 19
[138]	Wang X, Gan W L, Martinez J C, Tan F N, Jalil M B A, Lew W S 2018 Nanoscale 10 733
[139]	Liu Y, Lei N, Wang C, Zhang X, Kang W, Zhu D, Zhou Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhao W 2018 Arxiv Prepr. 1803.05615
[140]	Yin G, Liu Y, Barlas Y, Zang J, Lake R K 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 024411
[141]	Liang D, DeGrave J P, Stolt M J, Tokura Y, Jin S 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8217
[142]	Crum D M, Bouhassoune M, Bouaziz J, Schweflinghaus B, Blgel S, Lounis S 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8541
[143]	Hamamoto K, Ezawa M, Nagaosa N 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 112401
[144]	Koshibae W, Kaneko Y, Iwasaki J, Kawasaki M, Tokura Y, Nagaosa N 2015 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54 053001
[145]	Hanneken C, Otte F, Kubetzka A, Dup B, Romming N, von Bergmann K, Wiesendanger R, Heinze S 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 1039
[146]	Li C H, van't Erve O M J, Robinson J T, Liu Y, Li L, Jonker B T 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 218
[147]	Bode M, Heinze S, Kubetzka A, Pietzsch O, Nie X, Bihlmayer G, Blgel S, Wiesendanger R 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 237205
[148]	Zhang S S L, Vignale G, Zhang S 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 024412
[149]	Gould C, Rster C, Jungwirth T, Girgis E, Schott G M, Giraud R, Brunner K, Schmidt G, Molenkamp L W 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 117203
[150]	Liu G B, Li D, de Chatel P F, Wang J, Liu W, Zhang Z D 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 067203
[151]	Zhang X, Zhou Y, Ezawa M, Zhao G P, Zhao W 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 11369
[152]	Zhang X, Cai W, Zhang X, Wang Z, Li Z, Zhang Y, Cao K, Lei N, Kang W, Zhang Y, Yu H, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2018 Arxiv Prepr. 1803.05138
[153]	Parkin S S P, Hayashi M, Thomas L 2008 Science 320 190
[154]	Kang W, Zheng C, Huang Y, Zhang X, L W, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2017 IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 64 1060
[155]	Yu G, Upadhyaya P, Shao Q, Wu H, Yin G, Li X, He C, Jiang W, Han X, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2017 Nano Lett. 17 261
[156]	Kang W, Zheng C, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, L W, Zhao W 2016 IEEE Electron Device Lett. 37 924
[157]	Kita K, Abraham D W, Gajek M J, Worledge D C 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 112 033919
[158]	Schellekens A J, van den Brink A, Franken J H, Swagten H J M, Koopmans B 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 847
[159]	Shiota Y, Murakami S, Bonell F, Nozaki T, Shinjo T, Suzuki Y 2011 Appl. Phys. Express 4 043005
[160]	Yu X Z, Kanazawa N, Zhang W Z, Nagai T, Hara T, Kimoto K, Matsui Y, Onose Y, Tokura Y 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 988
[161]	White J S, Levatić I, Omrani A A, Egetenmeyer N, Pra K, Živković I, Gavilano J L, Kohlbrecher J, Bartkowiak M, Berger H, Rnnow H M 2012 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 24 432201
[162]	Seki S, Yu X Z, Ishiwata S, Tokura Y 2012 Science 336 198
[163]	Jiang W, Zhang W, Yu G, Jungfleisch M B, Upadhyaya P, Somaily H, Pearson J E, Tserkovnyak Y, Wang K L, Heinonen O, te Velthuis S G E, Hoffmann A 2016 AIP Adv. 6 055602
[164]	Perez N, Martinez E, Torres L, Woo S H, Emori S, Beach G S D 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 189
[165]	Zhang X, Zhou Y, Ezawa M 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 10293
[166]	Purnama I, Gan W L, Wong D W, Lew W S 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 10620
[167]	Luo S, Zhang Y, Shen M, Ou-Yang J, Yan B, Yang X, Chen S, Zhu B, You L 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 112402
[168]	Zhu D, Kang W, Li S, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhao W 2018 IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 65 87

[1]	Jin Zhe-Jun-Yu, Zeng Zhao-Zhuo, Cao Yun-Shan, Yan Peng. Magnon Hall effect. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(1): 017501. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20231589
[2]	Xia Yong-Shun, Yang Xiao-Kuo, Dou Shu-Qing, Cui Huan-Qing, Wei Bo, Liang Bu-Jia, Yan Xu. Ultra-low power magneto-elastic analog-to-digital converter based on magnetic tunnel junctions and bicomponent multiferroic nanomagnet. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(13): 137502. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240129
[3]	Xiong Yi-Nong, Wu Chuang-Wen, Ren Chuan-Tong, Meng De-Quan, Chen Shi-Wei, Liang Shi-Heng. Research progress of spin orbit torque of two-dimensional magnetic materials. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(1): 017502. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20231244
[4]	Niu Peng-Bin, Luo Hong-Gang. Interplay between Majorana fermion and impurity in thermal-driven transport model. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(11): 117401. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20202241
[5]	Wang Li, Liu Jing-Si, Li Ji, Zhou Xiao-Lin, Chen Xiang-Rong, Liu Chao-Fei, Liu Wu-Ming. The research progress of topological properties in spinor Bose-Einstein condensates. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(1): 010303. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20191648
[6]	Li Xiao-Ying, Huang Can, Zhu Yan, Li Jin-Bin, Fan Ji-Yu, Pan Yan-Fei, Shi Da-Ning, Ma Chun-Lan. Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction in -(Zn, Cr)S(111) surface: First principle calculations. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(13): 137101. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180342
[7]	Huang Can, Li Xiao-Ying, Zhu Yan, Pan Yan-Fei, Fan Ji-Yu, Shi Da-Ning, Ma Chun-Lan. First principle study of weak Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction in Co/BN surface. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(11): 117102. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180337
[8]	Xuan Sheng-Jie, Liu Yan. Control of skyrmion movement in nanotrack by using periodic strain. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(13): 137503. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180031
[9]	Zhang Lei. Critical behaviors of helimagnetic ordering systems relating to skyrmion. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(13): 137501. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180137
[10]	Sheng Yu, Zhang Nan, Wang Kai-You, Ma Xing-Qiao. Demonstration of four-state memory structure with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy by spin-orbit torque. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(11): 117501. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180216
[11]	Dong Bo-Wen, Zhang Jing-Yan, Peng Li-Cong, He Min, Zhang Ying, Zhao Yun-Chi, Wang Chao, Sun Yang, Cai Jian-Wang, Wang Wen-Hong, Wei Hong-Xiang, Shen Bao-Gen, Jiang Yong, Wang Shou-Guo. Multi-field control on magnetic skyrmions. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(13): 137507. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180931
[12]	Meng Kang-Kang, Zhao Xu-Peng, Miao Jun, Xu Xiao-Guang, Zhao Jian-Hua, Jiang Yong. Topological Hall effect in ferromagnetic/non-ferromagnetic metals heterojunctions. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(13): 131202. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180369
[13]	Xia Jing, Han Zong-Yi, Song Yi-Fan, Jiang Wen-Jing, Lin Liu-Rong, Zhang Xi-Chao, Liu Xiao-Xi, Zhou Yan. Overview of magnetic skyrmion-based devices and applications. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(13): 137505. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180894
[14]	Liang Xue, Zhao Li, Qiu Lei, Li Shuang, Ding Li-Hong, Feng You-Hua, Zhang Xi-Chao, Zhou Yan, Zhao Guo-Ping. Skyrmions-based magnetic racetrack memory. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(13): 137510. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180764
[15]	Gu Xiao-Fang, Qian Xuan, Ji Yang, Chen Lin, Zhao Jian-Hua. Observation of current-induced polarization in (Ga,Mn)As via magneto-optic Kerr measurement. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(3): 037801. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.037801
[16]	Xu Jian-Wei, Wang Shun-Jin. Relativistic mean field theory of electron and first, second-order Rashba effects. Acta Physica Sinica, 2009, 58(7): 4878-4882. doi: 10.7498/aps.58.4878
[17]	Ren Jun-Feng, Zhang Yu-Bin, Xie Shi-Jie. Current spin polarization in ferromagnetic/organic semiconductor/ferromagnetic system. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(8): 4785-4790. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.4785
[18]	Ren Jun-Feng, Fu Ji-Yong, Liu De-Sheng, Xie Shi-Jie. Diffusion theory of spin injection into organic polymers. Acta Physica Sinica, 2004, 53(11): 3814-3817. doi: 10.7498/aps.53.3814*
[19]	Sun Feng-Wei, Deng Li, Shou Qian, Liu Lu-Ning, Wen Jin-Hui, Lai Tian-Shu, Lin Wei-Zhu. Femtosecond spectral studies of electron spin injection and relaxation in AlGaAs / GaAs MQW. Acta Physica Sinica, 2004, 53(9): 3196-3199. doi: 10.7498/aps.53.3196
[20]	Qin Jian-Hua, Guo Yong, Chen Xin-Yi, Gu Bing-Lin. A study on spin-polarized transport properties in magnetic-electric barrier st ructures. Acta Physica Sinica, 2003, 52(10): 2569-2575. doi: 10.7498/aps.52.2569

Catalog

Vol. 67, Issue 13 - 2018-07-05

Metrics

Abstract views: 12035
PDF Downloads: 956
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板