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Sodium laser guide star (LGS) becomes an essential part in modern astronomical adaptive optics system, especially for the next generation extremely large ground based telescope. The LGS technology has experienced the developmental stages as natural guide star, Rayleigh LGS, sodium LGS and constellation of LGS. The sky coverage is still limited in that the LGS cannot not be used to detect the tip/tilt aberrations. While the polychromatic laser guide star (PLGS) is one of the most effective ways to enlarge the sky coverage to 100%. Previous simulation models are insufficient for the accurate calculation of the return flux, especially for the simulation model of PLGS which is generated by one-photon excitation of mesospheric sodium atoms. The simulation model based on Bloch equations proposed in this paper can be used to compute the return flux of one-photon excited PLGS precisely. Doppler broadening, beam atom exchanging, collisions and recoil are taken into account in the model. The return flux is validated by the return efficiency. The simulation results indicate that with one-photon excitation of sodium atoms, a return efficiency of 330 nm is minimum compared with those of other wavelengths; the saturation power density will decrease with recoil increasing and increase with collision rate increasing; an optimal line-width exists up to maximum the photon return efficiency. In the best case, when the power density is 10 W/m2 at the sodium layer, the maximum return efficiency at 330 nm is 0.907 photons/s/sr/atom/(W/m2) with an optimal laser line-width of 18 MHz.
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Keywords:
- Bloch equations /
- polychromatic laser guide star /
- tip-tilt /
- return flux
[1] Babcock H W 1953 Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 65 229
[2] Hardy J W 1998 Adaptive Optics for Astronomical Telescopes (New York: Oxford University Press) pp216-265
[3] Happer W, Macdonald G, Max C 1994 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11 263
[4] Thompson L A, Gardner C S 1987 Nature 328 229
[5] Greenwood D P, Primmerman C A 1992 LLabJ 5 3
[6] Fugate R Q, Spinhirne J M, Moroney J F, Cleis R A, Oliker M D, Boeke B R, Ellerbroek B L, Higgins C H, Ruane R E, Swindle D W, Jelonek M P, Lange W J, Slavin A C, Wild W J, Winker D M, Wynia J M 1994 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11 310
[7] Rigaut F, Gendron E 1992 Astron. Astrophys. 261 677
[8] Correia C M, Neichel B, Conan J M, Petit C, Sauvage J F, Fusco T, Vernet J D R, Thatte N 2016 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation Edinburgh, June 26–July 1, 2016 p99094H
[9] Boyer C, Adkins S, Andersen D R, Atwood J, Byrnes P, Cavaco J, Ellerbroek B, Gilles L, Gregory J, Herriot G 2014 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation Palais des Congrés de Montréal, June 22-27, 2014 p91480X
[10] Bouchez A H, Acton D S, Biasi R, Conan R, Espeland B, Esposito S, Filgueira J M, Gallieni D, Mcleod B A, Pinna E 2014 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation Palais des Congrés de Montréal, June 22-27, 2014 p91480W
[11] Wizinowich P L, Le Mignant D, Bouchez A H, Campbell R D, Chin J C Y, Contos A R, van Dam M A, Hartman S K, Johansson E M, Lafon R E, Lewis H, Stomski P J, Summers D M 2006 Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 118 297
[12] Meilard N, Foy R, Langlois M, Tallon M, Thiébaut E, Petit A, Blazit A, Blanc P E, Chombart J, Fouche O 2010 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, San Diego, June 27-July 2, 2010 p77361W
[13] Foy R, Migus A, Biraben F, Grynberg G, Mccullough P R, Tallon M 1995 A&AS 111 569
[14] Friedman H, Foy R, Tallon M, Migus A 1996 Office of Scientific & Technical Information Technical Reports
[15] Schoeck M, Foy R, Pique J P, Chevrou P, Ageorges N, Petit A D, Bellanger V, Fews H, Foy F C, Hoegemann C K 2000 Proc. SPIE 4007 296
[16] Froc G, Rosencher E, Attal-Trétout B, Michau V 2000 Opt. Commun. 178 405
[17] Foy R, Tallon M, Tallonbosc I, Thiébaut E, Vaillant J, Foy F, Robert D, Friedman H, Biraben F, Grynberg G 2000 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 17 2236
[18] Foy R, Tallon M, Thiebaut E, Vaillant J, Pique J P, Mueller D, D'Orgeville C, Segonds P, Petit A D, Chevrou P 2000 Proc. SPIE 4007 284
[19] Schoeck M, Foy R, Pique J P, Tallon M, Laubscher M 1999 Proc. SPIE 3762 321
[20] Foy R, Pique J P, Bellanger V, Petit A D, Hogemann C K, Noethe L, Schock M, Tallon M, Thiebaut E, Vaillant J 2003 Proc. SPIE 4839 484
[21] Foy R, Pique J P, Petit A D, Michau V, Bellanger V, Deron R, Hoegemann C K, Laubscher M, D'Orgeville C, Schoeck M 2000 Proc. SPIE 4065 312
[22] Pique J P, Moldovan I C, Fesquet V, Chatellus H G D, Marc F 2006 Proc. SPIE 6272 62723D
[23] Pique J P, Moldovan I C, Fesquet V 2006 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23 2817
[24] Guillet D C H, Pique J P, Moldovan I C 2008 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 25 400
[25] Bellanger V, Courcelle A, Petit A 2004 Comput. Phys. Commun. 162 143
[26] Milonni P W, Fearn H, Telle J M, Fugate R Q 1999 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16 2555
[27] Hillman P D, Drummond J D, Denman C A, Fugate R Q 2008 Proc. SPIE 7015 70150L
[28] Holzlöhner R, Rochester S M, Calia D B, Budker D, Higbie J M, Hackenberg W 2010 Astron. Astrophys. 510 1109
[29] Feng L, Jin K, Shen Z, Wei K 2015 Applied Optics and Photon Beijing, China, May 5-7, 2015 p96781B
[30] Foy R, Fusco T, Suu A L V, Perruchot S, Petit A, Tallon M, Thiébaut É, Boër M 2008 Proc. SPIE 7015 135
[31] Herman J R, Bass P 2008 Proc. SPIE 172 135
[32] Morris J R 1994 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11 832
[33] Sansonetti J E 2008 J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37 1659
[34] Auzinsh M, Budker D, Rochester S M 2010 Optically Polarized Atoms (New York: Oxford University Press) pp198-252
[35] Kane T J, Hillman P D, Denman C A 2014 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation Palais des Congrés de Montréal, June 22-27, 2014 p91483G
[36] Holzlöhner R, Calia D B, Budker D, Pfrommer T, Higbie J M 2012 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, Amsterdam, July 1-6, 2012 84470H
-
[1] Babcock H W 1953 Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 65 229
[2] Hardy J W 1998 Adaptive Optics for Astronomical Telescopes (New York: Oxford University Press) pp216-265
[3] Happer W, Macdonald G, Max C 1994 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11 263
[4] Thompson L A, Gardner C S 1987 Nature 328 229
[5] Greenwood D P, Primmerman C A 1992 LLabJ 5 3
[6] Fugate R Q, Spinhirne J M, Moroney J F, Cleis R A, Oliker M D, Boeke B R, Ellerbroek B L, Higgins C H, Ruane R E, Swindle D W, Jelonek M P, Lange W J, Slavin A C, Wild W J, Winker D M, Wynia J M 1994 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11 310
[7] Rigaut F, Gendron E 1992 Astron. Astrophys. 261 677
[8] Correia C M, Neichel B, Conan J M, Petit C, Sauvage J F, Fusco T, Vernet J D R, Thatte N 2016 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation Edinburgh, June 26–July 1, 2016 p99094H
[9] Boyer C, Adkins S, Andersen D R, Atwood J, Byrnes P, Cavaco J, Ellerbroek B, Gilles L, Gregory J, Herriot G 2014 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation Palais des Congrés de Montréal, June 22-27, 2014 p91480X
[10] Bouchez A H, Acton D S, Biasi R, Conan R, Espeland B, Esposito S, Filgueira J M, Gallieni D, Mcleod B A, Pinna E 2014 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation Palais des Congrés de Montréal, June 22-27, 2014 p91480W
[11] Wizinowich P L, Le Mignant D, Bouchez A H, Campbell R D, Chin J C Y, Contos A R, van Dam M A, Hartman S K, Johansson E M, Lafon R E, Lewis H, Stomski P J, Summers D M 2006 Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 118 297
[12] Meilard N, Foy R, Langlois M, Tallon M, Thiébaut E, Petit A, Blazit A, Blanc P E, Chombart J, Fouche O 2010 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, San Diego, June 27-July 2, 2010 p77361W
[13] Foy R, Migus A, Biraben F, Grynberg G, Mccullough P R, Tallon M 1995 A&AS 111 569
[14] Friedman H, Foy R, Tallon M, Migus A 1996 Office of Scientific & Technical Information Technical Reports
[15] Schoeck M, Foy R, Pique J P, Chevrou P, Ageorges N, Petit A D, Bellanger V, Fews H, Foy F C, Hoegemann C K 2000 Proc. SPIE 4007 296
[16] Froc G, Rosencher E, Attal-Trétout B, Michau V 2000 Opt. Commun. 178 405
[17] Foy R, Tallon M, Tallonbosc I, Thiébaut E, Vaillant J, Foy F, Robert D, Friedman H, Biraben F, Grynberg G 2000 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 17 2236
[18] Foy R, Tallon M, Thiebaut E, Vaillant J, Pique J P, Mueller D, D'Orgeville C, Segonds P, Petit A D, Chevrou P 2000 Proc. SPIE 4007 284
[19] Schoeck M, Foy R, Pique J P, Tallon M, Laubscher M 1999 Proc. SPIE 3762 321
[20] Foy R, Pique J P, Bellanger V, Petit A D, Hogemann C K, Noethe L, Schock M, Tallon M, Thiebaut E, Vaillant J 2003 Proc. SPIE 4839 484
[21] Foy R, Pique J P, Petit A D, Michau V, Bellanger V, Deron R, Hoegemann C K, Laubscher M, D'Orgeville C, Schoeck M 2000 Proc. SPIE 4065 312
[22] Pique J P, Moldovan I C, Fesquet V, Chatellus H G D, Marc F 2006 Proc. SPIE 6272 62723D
[23] Pique J P, Moldovan I C, Fesquet V 2006 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23 2817
[24] Guillet D C H, Pique J P, Moldovan I C 2008 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 25 400
[25] Bellanger V, Courcelle A, Petit A 2004 Comput. Phys. Commun. 162 143
[26] Milonni P W, Fearn H, Telle J M, Fugate R Q 1999 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16 2555
[27] Hillman P D, Drummond J D, Denman C A, Fugate R Q 2008 Proc. SPIE 7015 70150L
[28] Holzlöhner R, Rochester S M, Calia D B, Budker D, Higbie J M, Hackenberg W 2010 Astron. Astrophys. 510 1109
[29] Feng L, Jin K, Shen Z, Wei K 2015 Applied Optics and Photon Beijing, China, May 5-7, 2015 p96781B
[30] Foy R, Fusco T, Suu A L V, Perruchot S, Petit A, Tallon M, Thiébaut É, Boër M 2008 Proc. SPIE 7015 135
[31] Herman J R, Bass P 2008 Proc. SPIE 172 135
[32] Morris J R 1994 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11 832
[33] Sansonetti J E 2008 J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37 1659
[34] Auzinsh M, Budker D, Rochester S M 2010 Optically Polarized Atoms (New York: Oxford University Press) pp198-252
[35] Kane T J, Hillman P D, Denman C A 2014 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation Palais des Congrés de Montréal, June 22-27, 2014 p91483G
[36] Holzlöhner R, Calia D B, Budker D, Pfrommer T, Higbie J M 2012 SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, Amsterdam, July 1-6, 2012 84470H
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