Recent advance in multiple exciton generation in semiconductor nanocrystals

Liu Chang-Ju; Lu Min; Su Wei-An; Dong Tai-Yuan; Shen Wen-Zhong

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20171917

Abstract

The multiple exciton generation (MEG), a process in which two or even more electron-hole pairs are created in nanostructured semiconductors by absorbing a single high-energy photon, is fundamentally important in many fields of physics, e.g., nanotechnology and optoelectronic devices. Many high-performance optoelectronic devices can be achieved with MEG where quite an amount of the energy of an absorbed photon in excess of the band gap is used to generate morei additional electron-hole pairs instead of rapidly lost heat. In this review, we present a survey on both the research context and the recent progress in the understanding of MEG. This phenomenon has been experimentally observed in the 0D nanocrystals, such as PbX (X=Se, S, and Te), InX (X=As and P), CdX (X=Se and Te), Si, Ge, and semi-metal quantum dots, which produce the differential quantum efficiency as high as 90%10%. Even more remarkably, experiment advances have made it possible to realize MEG in the one-dimensional (1D) semiconductor nanorods and the two-dimensional (2D) nano-thin films. Theoretically, three different approaches, i.e., the virtual exciton generation approach, the coherent multiexciton mode, and the impact ionization mechanism, have been proposed to explain the MEG effect in semiconductor nanostructures. Experimentally, the MEG has been measured by the ultrafast transient spectroscopy, such as the ultrafast transient absorption, the terahertz ultrafast transient absorption, the transient photoluminescence, and the transient grating technique. It is shown that the properties of nanostructured semiconductors, e.g., the composition, structure and surface of the material, have dramatic effects on the occurrence of MEG. As a matter of fact, it is somewhat hard to experimentally confirm the signature of MEG in nanostructured semiconductors due to two aspects:i) the time scale of the MEG process is very short; ii) the excitation fluence should be extremely low to prevent the multi-excitons from being generated by multiphoton absorption. There are still some controversies with respect to the MEG effect due to the challenge in both the experimental measurement and the explanation of signal data. The successful applications of MEG in practical devices, of which each is composed of the material with lower MEG threshold and higher efficiency, require the extraction of multiple charge carriers before their ultrafast annihilation. Such an extraction can be realized by the ultrafast electron transfer from nanostructured semiconductors to molecular and semiconductor electron acceptors. More recently, an experiment with PbSe quantum dot photoconductor has demonstrated that the multiple charge extraction is even as high as 210%. It is proved that MEG is of applicable significance in optoelectronic devices and in ultra-efficient photovoltaic devices. Although there are still some challenges, the dramatic enhancement of the efficiency of novel optoelectronic devices by the application of MEG can be hopefully realized with the rapid improvement of nanotechnology.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Science, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China;
2.
Laboratory of Condensed Matter Spectroscopy and Opto-Electronic Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Solar Energy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Corresponding author: Su Wei-An, suweian79@126.com;wzshen@sjtu.edu.cn ; Shen Wen-Zhong, suweian79@126.com;wzshen@sjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11464016, 11647149).

References

[1]	Baxter J, Bian Z X, Chen G, Danielson D, Dresselhaus M S, Fedorov A G, Fisher T S, Jones C W, Maginn E, Kortshagen U, Manthiram A, Nozik A, Rolison D R, Sands T, Shi L, Sholl D, Wu Y Y 2009 Energy Environ. Sci. 2 559
[2]	Sambur J B, Novet T, Parkinson B A 2010 Science 330 63
[3]	Brown G F, Wu J Q 2009 Laser Photonics Rev. 3 394
[4]	Green M A 2002 Physica E 14 65
[5]	Park S, Cho E, Song D, Conibeer G, Green M A 2009 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 684
[6]	Nozik A J 2010 Nano Lett. 10 2735
[7]	Shockley W, Queisser H J 1961 J. Appl. Phys. 32 510
[8]	Kim S, Kim W, Cartwright A, Prasad P 2009 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 657
[9]	Guter W, Schne J, Philipps S P, Steiner M, Siefer G, Wekkeli A, Welser E, Oliva E, Bett A W, Dimroth F 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 223504
[10]	King R, Law D, Edmondson K, Fetzer C, Kinsey G, Yoon H, Sherif R, Karam N 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 183516
[11]	Johnson C M, Conibeer G J 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 112 103108
[12]	Takeda Y, Ito T, Motohiro T, Konig D, Shrestha S, Conibeer G 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 105 074905
[13]	Schaller R D, Sykora M, Pietryga J M, Klimov V I 2006 Nano Lett. 6 424
[14]	Nozik A J 2001 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 52 193
[15]	Nozik A J 2002 Physica E 14 115
[16]	Nozik A J 2005 Inorg. Chem. 44 6893
[17]	Schaller R D, Klimov V I 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 186601
[18]	Schaller R D, Agranovich V M, Klimov V I 2005 Nat. Phys. 1 189
[19]	Schaller R D, Sykora M, Jeong S, Klimov V I 2006 J. Phys. Chem. B 110 25332
[20]	Beard M C, Knutsen K P, Yu P R, Luther J M, Song Q, Metzger W K, Ellingson R J, Nozik A J 2007 Nano Lett. 7 2506
[21]	Huang J, Huang Z, Yang Y, Zhu H, Lian T 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 4858
[22]	Semonin O E, Choi S, Luther J M, Beard M C, Nozik A J 2010 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference p003374
[23]	Semonin O E, Luther J M, Choi S, Chen H Y, Gao J, Nozik A J, Beard M C 2011 Science 334 1530
[24]	Timmerman D, Valenta J, Dohnalova K, de Boer W D A M, Gregorkiewicz T 2011 Nat. Nano. 6 710
[25]	Karki K J, Ma F, Zheng K, Zidek K, Mousa A, Abdellah M A, Messing M E, Wallenberg L R, Yartsev A, Pullerits T 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 2287
[26]	Padilha L A, Stewart J T, Sandberg R L, Bae W K, Koh W K, Pietryga J M, Klimov V I 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1261
[27]	Conibeer G 2007 Mater. Today 10 42
[28]	Smith M B, Michl J 2010 Chem. Rev. 110 6891
[29]	Piland G B, Burdett J J, Dillon R J, Bardeen C J 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 2312
[30]	McKay K G, McAfee K B 1953 Phys. Rev. 91 1079
[31]	Nicole C, Bouchene M A, Meier C, Magnier S, Schreiber E, Girard B 1999 J. Chem. Phys. 111 7857
[32]	Wolff P A 1954 Phys. Rev. 95 1415
[33]	Miller S L 1957 Phys. Rev. 105 1246
[34]	Tauc J 1959 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 8 219
[35]	Kolodinski S, Werner J H, Wittchen T, Queisser H J 1993 Appl. Phys. Lett. 63 2405
[36]	Landsberg P T, Nussbaumer H, Willeke G 1993 J. Appl. Phys. 74 1451
[37]	Christensen O 1976 J. Appl. Phys. 47 689
[38]	Wolf M, Brendel R, Werner J H, Queisser H J 1998 J. Appl. Phys. 83 4213
[39]	Smith A M, Nie S 2010 Acc. Chem. Res. 43 190
[40]	Klimov V I 2007 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 58 635
[41]	Brus L 2014 Acc. Chem. Res. 47 2951
[42]	Cooney R R, Sewall S L, Anderson K E H, Dias E A, Kambhampati P 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 177403
[43]	Kilina S V, Kilin D S, Prezhdo O V 2008 ACS Nano 3 93
[44]	Fikeraddis A D, Andreas W 2016 J. Phys Conf. Ser. 696 012012
[45]	Pijpers J J H, Ulbricht R, Tielrooij K J, Osherov A, Golan Y, Delerue C, Allan G, Bonn M 2009 Nat. Phys. 5 811
[46]	Califano M, Zunger A, Franceschetti A 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 2409
[47]	Nair G, Geyer S M, Chang L Y, Bawendi M G 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 125325
[48]	Ellingson R J, Beard M C, Johnson J C, Yu P R, Micic O I, Nozik A J, Shabaev A, Efros A L 2005 Nano Lett. 5 865
[49]	Allan G, Delerue C 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 205423
[50]	Franceschetti A, An J M, Zunger A 2006 Nano Lett. 6 2191
[51]	Isborn C M, Kilina S V, Li X S, Prezhdo O V 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 18291
[52]	Trinh M T, Houtepen A J, Schins J M, Hanrath T, Piris J, Knulst W, Goossens A P L M, Siebbeles L D A 2008 Nano Lett. 8 1713
[53]	Ji M, Park S, Connor S T, Mokari T, Cui Y, Gaffney K J 2009 Nano Lett. 9 1217
[54]	Kirchartz T, Rau U 2009 Thin Solid Films 517 2438
[55]	Midgett A G, Hillhouse H W, Hughes B K, Nozik A J, Beard M C 2010 J. Phys. Chem. C 114 17486
[56]	Silvestri L, Agranovich V 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 205302
[57]	Hardman S J O, Graham D M, Stubbs S K, Spencer B F, Seddon E A, Fung H T, Gardonio S, Sirotti F, Silly M G, Akhtar J, O'Brien P, Binks D J, Flavell W R 2011 PCCP 13 20275
[58]	Nootz G, Padilha L A, Levina L, Sukhovatkin V, Webster S, Brzozowski L, Sargent E H, Hagan D J, van Stryland E W 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 155302
[59]	Gesuele F, Sfeir M, Koh W K, Murray C B, Heinz T F, Wong C W 2012 Nano Lett. 12 2658
[60]	Murphy J E, Beard M C, Norman A G, Ahrenkiel S P, Johnson J C, Yu P R, Micic O I, Ellingson R J, Nozik A J 2006 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 3241
[61]	Schaller R D, Petruska M A, Klimov V I 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 253102
[62]	Kobayashi Y, Udagawa T, Tamai N 2009 Chem. Lett. 38 830
[63]	Ding W, Jia R, Wu D, Chen C, Li H, Liu X, Ye T 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 054312
[64]	Trinh M T, Limpens R, de Boer W D, Schins J M, Siebbeles L D, Gregorkiewicz T 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 316
[65]	Pijpers J J H, Hendry E, Milder M T W, Fanciulli R, Savolainen J, Herek J L, Vanmaekelbergh D, Ruhman S, Mocatta D, Oron D, Aharoni A, Banin U, Bonn M 2007 J. Phys. Chem. C 111 4146
[66]	Schaller R D, Pietryga J M, Klimov V I 2007 Nano Lett. 7 3469
[67]	Califano M 2009 ACS Nano 3 2706
[68]	Stubbs S K, Hardman S J O, Graham D M, Spencer B F, Flavell W R, Glarvey P, Masala O, Pickett N L, Binks D J 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 081303
[69]	Al-Otaify A, Kershaw S V, Gupta S, Rogach A L, Allan G, Delerue C, Binks D J 2013 PCCP 15 16864
[70]	Kershaw S V, Kalytchuk S, Zhovtiuk O, Shen Q, Oshima T, Yindeesuk W, Toyoda T, Rogach A L 2014 PCCP 16 25710
[71]	Stolle C J, Harvey T B, Pernik D R, Hibbert J I, Du J, Rhee D J, Akhavan V A, Schaller R D, Korgel B A 2013 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 304
[72]	Stolle C J, Schaller R D, Korgel B A 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 3169
[73]	Sun J, Yu W, Usman A, Isimjan T T, Dgobbo S, Alarousu E, Takanabe K, Mohammed O F 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 659
[74]	Zhang X, Liu J, Johansson E M 2015 Nanoscale 7 1454
[75]	Saba S, Chris W, Peter S, Frank C M S, Arjan J H, Laurens D A S, Gregorkiewicz1 T 2015 Light Sci. Appl 4 e251
[76]	Kryjevski A, Kilin D 2014 Mol. Phys. 112 430
[77]	Zhu H, Lian T 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 11289
[78]	Luther J M, Beard M C, Song Q, Law M, Ellingson R J, Nozik A J 2007 Nano Lett. 7 1779
[79]	McClain J, Schrier J 2010 J. Phys. Chem. C 114 14332
[80]	Winzer T, Knorr A, Malic E 2010 Nano Lett. 10 4839
[81]	Girdhar A, Leburton J P 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 043107
[82]	Pirro L, Girdhar A, Leblebici Y, Leburton J P 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 112 093707
[83]	Basko D M 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 165437
[84]	Brida D, Tomadin A, Manzoni C, Kim Y J, Lombardo A, Milana S, Nair R R, Novoselov K S, Ferrari A C, Cerullo G, Polini M 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1987
[85]	Tielrooij K J, Song J C W, Jensen S A, Centeno A, Pesquera A, Zurutuza Elorza A, Bonn M, Levitov L S, Koppens F H L 2013 Nat. Phys. 9 248
[86]	Mittendorff M, Orlita M, Potemski M, Berger C, Heer W A D, Schneider H, Helm M, Winnerl S 2014 New J. Phys. 16 123021
[87]	Wendler F, Knorr A, Malic E 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3703
[88]	Sukhovatkin V, Hinds S, Brzozowski L, Sargent E H 2009 Science 324 1542
[89]	Gabor N M, Zhong Z, Bosnick K, Park J, McEuen P L 2009 Science 325 1367
[90]	Shabaev A, Efros A L, Nozik A J 2006 Nano Lett. 6 2856
[91]	Franceschetti A, Zhang Y 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 136805
[92]	Kim S J, Kim W J, Sahoo Y, Cartwright A N, Prasad P N 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 031107
[93]	Nozik A J 2008 Chem. Phys. Lett. 457 3
[94]	Sun Y R, Forrest S R 2008 Org. Electron. 9 994
[95]	Pijpers J J H, Hendry E, Milder M T W, Fanciulli R, Savolainen J, Herek J L, Vanmaekelbergh D, Ruhman S, Mocatta D, Oron D, Aharoni A, Banin U, Bonn M 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 4783
[96]	Kim S J, Kim W J, Cartwright A N, Prasad P N 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 191107
[97]	Delerue C, Allan G, Pijpers J J H, Bonn M 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 125306
[98]	Ueda A, Matsuda K, Tayagaki T, Kanemitsu Y 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 233105
[99]	Rupasov V I, Klimov V I 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 125321
[100]	Luo J W, Franceschetti A, Zunger A 2008 Nano Lett. 8 3174
[101]	Nair G, Bawendi M G 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 081304
[102]	Merrifield R E, Avakian P, Groff R P 1969 Chem. Phys. Lett. 3 155
[103]	Yost S R, Lee J, Mark W B, Wu T, McMahon D P, Parkhurst R R, Thompson N J, Congreve D N, Rao A, Johnson K, Sfeir M Y, Bawendi M G, Swager T M, Friend R H, Baldo M A, van Voorhis T 2014 Nat. Chem. 6 492
[104]	Tayebjee M J Y, Soufiani A M, Conibeer G 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 2298
[105]	Zimmerman P M, Musgrave C B, Head-Gordon M 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1339
[106]	Walker B J, Musser A J, Beljonne D, Friend R H 2013 Nat. Chem. 5 1019
[107]	Thompson N J, Congreve D N, Goldberg D, Menon V M, Baldo M A 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 263302
[108]	Smith M B, Michl J 2013 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 64 361
[109]	Lee J, Jadhav P, Reusswig P D, Yost S R, Thompson N J, Congreve D N, Hontz E, van Voorhis T, Baldo M A 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1300
[110]	Lee J, Bruzek M J, Thompson N J, Sfeir M Y, Anthony J E, Baldo M A 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 1445
[111]	Congreve D N, Lee J, Thompson N J, Hontz E, Yost S R, Reusswig P D, Bahlke M E, Reineke S, van Voorhis T, Baldo M A 2013 Science 340 334
[112]	Yin S, Chen L, Xuan P, Chen K Q, Shuai Z 2004 J. Phys. Chem. B 108 9608
[113]	Wilson M W B, Rao A, Ehrler B, Friend R H 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1330
[114]	Johnson J C, Nozik A J, Michl J 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1290
[115]	Ehrler B, Musselman K P, Bhm M L, Friend R H, Greenham N C 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 153507
[116]	Midgett A G, Luther J M, Stewart J T, Smith D K, Padilha L A, Klimov V I, Nozik A J, Beard M C 2013 Nano Lett. 13 3078
[117]	Trinh M T, Polak L, Schins J M, Houtepen A J, Vaxenburg R, Maikov G I, Grinbom G, Midgett A G, Luther J M, Beard M C, Nozik A J, Bonn M, Lifshitz E, Siebbeles L D A 2011 Nano Lett. 11 1623
[118]	Ka I, Le Borgne V, Fujisawa K, Hayashi T, Kim Y A, Endo M, Ma D, El Khakani M A 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 20083
[119]	Su W A, Shen W Z 2012 Solid State Commun. 152 798
[120]	Madelung O 2004 Semiconductors: Data Handbook (Berlin: Springer) p526
[121]	Ben-Lulu M, Mocatta D, Bonn M, Banin U, Ruhman S 2008 Nano Lett. 8 1207
[122]	Cadirci M, Stubbs S K, Hardman S J O, Masala O, Allan G, Delerue C, Pickett N, Binks D J 2012 PCCP 14 15166
[123]	Rabani E, Baer R 2008 Nano Lett. 8 4488
[124]	Rabani E, Baer R 2010 Chem. Phys. Lett. 496 227
[125]	Gachet D, Avidan A, Pinkas I, Oron D 2010 Nano Lett. 10 164
[126]	Nonoguchi Y, Nakashima T, Kawai T 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 19263
[127]	Califano M 2009 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11 10180
[128]	Matylitsky V V, Dworak L, Breus V V, Basch T, Wachtveitl J 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 2424
[129]	Sewall S L, Franceschetti A, Cooney R R, Zunger A, Kambhampati P 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 081310
[130]	Califano M 2011 ACS Nano 5 3614
[131]	Fischer S A, Madrid A B, Isborn C M, Prezhdo O V 2009 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 232
[132]	Fischer S A, Prezhdo O V 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 115 10006
[133]	Gordi M, Ramezani H, Moravvej-Farshi M K 2017 J. Phys. Chem. C 121 6374
[134]	Hyeon-Deuk K, Prezhdo O V 2012 ACS Nano 6 1239
[135]	Marri I, Govoni M, Ossicini S 2016 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 145 162
[136]	Zhang P, Feng Y, Wen X, Cao W, Anthony R, Kortshagen U, Conibeer G, Huang S 2016 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 145 391
[137]	Bergren M R, Palomaki P K B, Neale N R, Furtak T E, Beard M C 2016 ACS Nano 10 2316
[138]	Sevik C, Bulutay C 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 125414
[139]	Marri I, Govoni M, Ossicini S 2014 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 13257
[140]	Timmerman D, Izeddin I, Stallinga P, Yassievich I N, Gregorkiewicz T 2008 Nat. Photonics 2 105
[141]	Takagahara T 2014 Optical Nanostructures and Advanced Materials for Photovaltaics Canberra, Australia, December 2--5, 2014 PTu4B.4
[142]	Allan G, Delerue C 2011 ACS Nano 5 7318
[143]	Su W A, Shen W Z 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 071111
[144]	Wippermann S, Vrs M, Rocca D, Gali A, Zimanyi G, Galli G 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 046804
[145]	Stewart J T, Padilha L A, Qazilbash M M, Pietryga J M, Midgett A G, Luther J M, Beard M C, Nozik A J, Klimov V I 2012 Nano Lett. 12 622
[146]	Li W, Chen F 2014 J. Nanopart. Res. 16 2498
[147]	Bejaoui A, Alonso M I, Garriga M, Campoy-Quiles M, Goi A R, Hetsch F, Kershaw S V, Rogach A L, To C H, Foo Y, Zapien J A 2017 Appl. Surf. Sci. 421 295
[148]	Leontiadou M A, Al-Otaify A, Kershaw S V, Zhovtiuk O, Kalytchuk S, Mott D, Maenosono S, Rogach A L, Binks D J 2016 Chem. Phys. 469 25
[149]	Chava R K, Kang M 2017 Mater. Lett. 199 188
[150]	Sills A, Califano M 2015 PCCP 17 2573
[151]	Cunningham P D, Boercker J E, Foos E E, Lumb M P, Smith A R, Tischler J G, Melinger J S 2011 Nano Lett. 11 3476
[152]	Padilha L A, Stewart J T, Sandberg R L, Bae W K, Koh W K, Pietryga J M, Klimov V I 2013 Nano Lett. 13 1092
[153]	Bartnik A, Efros A, Koh W K, Murray C, Wise F 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 195313
[154]	Shabaev A, Hellberg C S, Efros A L 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1242
[155]	Eshet H, Baer R, Neuhauser D, Rabani E 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13178
[156]	Nozik A, Beard M, Luther J, Law M, Ellingson R, Johnson J 2010 Chem. Rev. 110 6873
[157]	Aerts M, Suchand Sandeep C, Gao Y, Savenije T J, Schins J M, Houtepen A J, Kinge S, Siebbeles L D 2011 Nano Lett. 11 4485
[158]	Beard M C, Midgett A G, Law M, Semonin O E, Ellingson R J, Nozik A J 2009 Nano Lett. 9 836
[159]	Hu L, Mandelis A, Yang Z, Guo X, Lan X, Liu M, Walters G, Melnikov A, Sargent E H 2017 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 164 135
[160]	Aerts M, Bielewicz T, Klinke C, Grozema F C, Houtepen A J, Schins J M, Siebbeles L D A 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3789
[161]	Kanemitsu Y 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1358
[162]	Xie X, Li B, Zhang Z, Wang S, Shen D 2016 RSC Advances 6 34955
[163]	Tisdale W A, Williams K J, Timp B A, Norris D J, Aydil E S, Zhu X Y 2010 Science 328 1543
[164]	Yamashita G, Matsubara E, Nagai M, Kanemitsu Y, Ashida M 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 231118
[165]	Strait J H, Wang H, Shivaraman S, Shields V, Spencer M, Rana F 2011 Nano Lett. 11 4902
[166]	McGuire J A, Sykora M, Joo J, Pietryga J M, Klimov V I 2010 Nano Lett. 10 2049
[167]	Binks D J 2011 PCCP 13 12693
[168]	Shen Q, Katayama K, Toyoda T 2014 Quantum Dot Solar Cells (New York: Springer) p295
[169]	Law M, Beard M C, Choi S, Luther J M, Hanna M C, Nozik A J 2008 Nano Lett. 8 3904
[170]	Gdor I, Yang C, Yanover D, Sachs H, Lifshitz E, Ruhman S 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 26342
[171]	Bruhn B, Limpens R, Chung N X, Schall P, Gregorkiewicz T 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 20538
[172]	Kaniyankandy S, Rawalekar S, Verma S, Ghosh H N 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 115 1428
[173]	Damtie F A, Karki K J, Pullerits T, Wacker A 2016 J. Chem. Phys. 145 064703
[174]	Knowles K E, Peterson M D, McPhail M R, Weiss E A 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 10229
[175]	Huang J, Stockwell D, Huang Z, Mohler D L, Lian T 2008 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 5632
[176]	Huang J, Huang Z, Jin S, Lian T 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 19734
[177]	Wu K, Liu Z, Zhu H, Lian T 2013 J. Phys. Chem. A 117 6362
[178]	Yang Y, Rodrguez-Crdoba W, Lian T 2011 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 9246
[179]	Yang Y, Rodrguez-Crdoba W, Lian T 2012 Nano Lett. 12 4235
[180]	Boulesbaa A, Issac A, Stockwell D, Huang Z, Huang J, Guo J, Lian T 2007 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 15132
[181]	Wu K, Song N, Liu Z, Zhu H, Rodrguez-Crdoba W, Lian T 2013 J. Phys. Chem. A 117 7561
[182]	Zhu H, Song N, Rodrguez-Crdoba W, Lian T 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 4250
[183]	Wang Y F, Wang H Y, Li Z S, Zhao J, Wang L, Chen Q D, Wang W Q, Sun H B 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 17240
[184]	Peng P, Milliron D J, Hughes S M, Johnson J C, Alivisatos A P, Saykally R J 2005 Nano Lett. 5 1809
[185]	Chuang C H, Lo S S, Scholes G D, Burda C 2010 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 2530
[186]	de Mello Doneg C 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 165303
[187]	Zhu H, Song N, Lian T 2011 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 8762
[188]	Verma S, Kaniyankandy S, Ghosh H N 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 10901
[189]	Dooley C J, Dimitrov S D, Fiebig T 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 12074
[190]	Okano M, Sakamoto M, Teranishi T, Kanemitsu Y 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 2951
[191]	Ždek K, Zheng K, Abdellah M, Lenngren N, Chbera P, Pullerits T 2012 Nano Lett. 12 6393
[192]	Cao X B, Chen P, Guo Y 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 20560
[193]	Jin X, Sun W, Chen Z, Wei T, Chen C, He X, Yuan Y, Li Y, Li Q 2014 ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces 6 8771
[194]	Zidek K, Abdellah M, Zheng K, Pullerits T 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 7244
[195]	Ten Cate S, Sandeep C S S, Liu Y, Law M, Kinge S, Houtepen A J, Schins J M, Siebbeles L D A 2015 Acc. Chem. Res. 48 174
[196]	Zhu H, Yang Y, Lian T 2012 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1270
[197]	Hanna M C, Nozik A J 2006 J. Appl. Phys. 100 074510
[198]	Bhardwaj A, Balakrishnan V, Srivastava P, Sehgal H 2008 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 23 095020
[199]	Lee Y K, Choi H, Lee H, Lee C, Choi J S, Choi C G, Hwang E, Park J Y 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 27549
[200]	Smith C, Binks D 2013 Nanomaterials 4 19
[201]	Semonin O E, Luther J M, Beard M C 2012 Mater. Today 15 508
[202]	Beard M C, Luther J M, Semonin O E, Nozik A J 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1252

Cited By

[1]	Baxter J, Bian Z X, Chen G, Danielson D, Dresselhaus M S, Fedorov A G, Fisher T S, Jones C W, Maginn E, Kortshagen U, Manthiram A, Nozik A, Rolison D R, Sands T, Shi L, Sholl D, Wu Y Y 2009 Energy Environ. Sci. 2 559
[2]	Sambur J B, Novet T, Parkinson B A 2010 Science 330 63
[3]	Brown G F, Wu J Q 2009 Laser Photonics Rev. 3 394
[4]	Green M A 2002 Physica E 14 65
[5]	Park S, Cho E, Song D, Conibeer G, Green M A 2009 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 684
[6]	Nozik A J 2010 Nano Lett. 10 2735
[7]	Shockley W, Queisser H J 1961 J. Appl. Phys. 32 510
[8]	Kim S, Kim W, Cartwright A, Prasad P 2009 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 657
[9]	Guter W, Schne J, Philipps S P, Steiner M, Siefer G, Wekkeli A, Welser E, Oliva E, Bett A W, Dimroth F 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 223504
[10]	King R, Law D, Edmondson K, Fetzer C, Kinsey G, Yoon H, Sherif R, Karam N 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 183516
[11]	Johnson C M, Conibeer G J 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 112 103108
[12]	Takeda Y, Ito T, Motohiro T, Konig D, Shrestha S, Conibeer G 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 105 074905
[13]	Schaller R D, Sykora M, Pietryga J M, Klimov V I 2006 Nano Lett. 6 424
[14]	Nozik A J 2001 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 52 193
[15]	Nozik A J 2002 Physica E 14 115
[16]	Nozik A J 2005 Inorg. Chem. 44 6893
[17]	Schaller R D, Klimov V I 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 186601
[18]	Schaller R D, Agranovich V M, Klimov V I 2005 Nat. Phys. 1 189
[19]	Schaller R D, Sykora M, Jeong S, Klimov V I 2006 J. Phys. Chem. B 110 25332
[20]	Beard M C, Knutsen K P, Yu P R, Luther J M, Song Q, Metzger W K, Ellingson R J, Nozik A J 2007 Nano Lett. 7 2506
[21]	Huang J, Huang Z, Yang Y, Zhu H, Lian T 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 4858
[22]	Semonin O E, Choi S, Luther J M, Beard M C, Nozik A J 2010 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference p003374
[23]	Semonin O E, Luther J M, Choi S, Chen H Y, Gao J, Nozik A J, Beard M C 2011 Science 334 1530
[24]	Timmerman D, Valenta J, Dohnalova K, de Boer W D A M, Gregorkiewicz T 2011 Nat. Nano. 6 710
[25]	Karki K J, Ma F, Zheng K, Zidek K, Mousa A, Abdellah M A, Messing M E, Wallenberg L R, Yartsev A, Pullerits T 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 2287
[26]	Padilha L A, Stewart J T, Sandberg R L, Bae W K, Koh W K, Pietryga J M, Klimov V I 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1261
[27]	Conibeer G 2007 Mater. Today 10 42
[28]	Smith M B, Michl J 2010 Chem. Rev. 110 6891
[29]	Piland G B, Burdett J J, Dillon R J, Bardeen C J 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 2312
[30]	McKay K G, McAfee K B 1953 Phys. Rev. 91 1079
[31]	Nicole C, Bouchene M A, Meier C, Magnier S, Schreiber E, Girard B 1999 J. Chem. Phys. 111 7857
[32]	Wolff P A 1954 Phys. Rev. 95 1415
[33]	Miller S L 1957 Phys. Rev. 105 1246
[34]	Tauc J 1959 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 8 219
[35]	Kolodinski S, Werner J H, Wittchen T, Queisser H J 1993 Appl. Phys. Lett. 63 2405
[36]	Landsberg P T, Nussbaumer H, Willeke G 1993 J. Appl. Phys. 74 1451
[37]	Christensen O 1976 J. Appl. Phys. 47 689
[38]	Wolf M, Brendel R, Werner J H, Queisser H J 1998 J. Appl. Phys. 83 4213
[39]	Smith A M, Nie S 2010 Acc. Chem. Res. 43 190
[40]	Klimov V I 2007 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 58 635
[41]	Brus L 2014 Acc. Chem. Res. 47 2951
[42]	Cooney R R, Sewall S L, Anderson K E H, Dias E A, Kambhampati P 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 177403
[43]	Kilina S V, Kilin D S, Prezhdo O V 2008 ACS Nano 3 93
[44]	Fikeraddis A D, Andreas W 2016 J. Phys Conf. Ser. 696 012012
[45]	Pijpers J J H, Ulbricht R, Tielrooij K J, Osherov A, Golan Y, Delerue C, Allan G, Bonn M 2009 Nat. Phys. 5 811
[46]	Califano M, Zunger A, Franceschetti A 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 2409
[47]	Nair G, Geyer S M, Chang L Y, Bawendi M G 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 125325
[48]	Ellingson R J, Beard M C, Johnson J C, Yu P R, Micic O I, Nozik A J, Shabaev A, Efros A L 2005 Nano Lett. 5 865
[49]	Allan G, Delerue C 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 205423
[50]	Franceschetti A, An J M, Zunger A 2006 Nano Lett. 6 2191
[51]	Isborn C M, Kilina S V, Li X S, Prezhdo O V 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 18291
[52]	Trinh M T, Houtepen A J, Schins J M, Hanrath T, Piris J, Knulst W, Goossens A P L M, Siebbeles L D A 2008 Nano Lett. 8 1713
[53]	Ji M, Park S, Connor S T, Mokari T, Cui Y, Gaffney K J 2009 Nano Lett. 9 1217
[54]	Kirchartz T, Rau U 2009 Thin Solid Films 517 2438
[55]	Midgett A G, Hillhouse H W, Hughes B K, Nozik A J, Beard M C 2010 J. Phys. Chem. C 114 17486
[56]	Silvestri L, Agranovich V 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 205302
[57]	Hardman S J O, Graham D M, Stubbs S K, Spencer B F, Seddon E A, Fung H T, Gardonio S, Sirotti F, Silly M G, Akhtar J, O'Brien P, Binks D J, Flavell W R 2011 PCCP 13 20275
[58]	Nootz G, Padilha L A, Levina L, Sukhovatkin V, Webster S, Brzozowski L, Sargent E H, Hagan D J, van Stryland E W 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 155302
[59]	Gesuele F, Sfeir M, Koh W K, Murray C B, Heinz T F, Wong C W 2012 Nano Lett. 12 2658
[60]	Murphy J E, Beard M C, Norman A G, Ahrenkiel S P, Johnson J C, Yu P R, Micic O I, Ellingson R J, Nozik A J 2006 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 3241
[61]	Schaller R D, Petruska M A, Klimov V I 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 253102
[62]	Kobayashi Y, Udagawa T, Tamai N 2009 Chem. Lett. 38 830
[63]	Ding W, Jia R, Wu D, Chen C, Li H, Liu X, Ye T 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 054312
[64]	Trinh M T, Limpens R, de Boer W D, Schins J M, Siebbeles L D, Gregorkiewicz T 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 316
[65]	Pijpers J J H, Hendry E, Milder M T W, Fanciulli R, Savolainen J, Herek J L, Vanmaekelbergh D, Ruhman S, Mocatta D, Oron D, Aharoni A, Banin U, Bonn M 2007 J. Phys. Chem. C 111 4146
[66]	Schaller R D, Pietryga J M, Klimov V I 2007 Nano Lett. 7 3469
[67]	Califano M 2009 ACS Nano 3 2706
[68]	Stubbs S K, Hardman S J O, Graham D M, Spencer B F, Flavell W R, Glarvey P, Masala O, Pickett N L, Binks D J 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 081303
[69]	Al-Otaify A, Kershaw S V, Gupta S, Rogach A L, Allan G, Delerue C, Binks D J 2013 PCCP 15 16864
[70]	Kershaw S V, Kalytchuk S, Zhovtiuk O, Shen Q, Oshima T, Yindeesuk W, Toyoda T, Rogach A L 2014 PCCP 16 25710
[71]	Stolle C J, Harvey T B, Pernik D R, Hibbert J I, Du J, Rhee D J, Akhavan V A, Schaller R D, Korgel B A 2013 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 304
[72]	Stolle C J, Schaller R D, Korgel B A 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 3169
[73]	Sun J, Yu W, Usman A, Isimjan T T, Dgobbo S, Alarousu E, Takanabe K, Mohammed O F 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 659
[74]	Zhang X, Liu J, Johansson E M 2015 Nanoscale 7 1454
[75]	Saba S, Chris W, Peter S, Frank C M S, Arjan J H, Laurens D A S, Gregorkiewicz1 T 2015 Light Sci. Appl 4 e251
[76]	Kryjevski A, Kilin D 2014 Mol. Phys. 112 430
[77]	Zhu H, Lian T 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 11289
[78]	Luther J M, Beard M C, Song Q, Law M, Ellingson R J, Nozik A J 2007 Nano Lett. 7 1779
[79]	McClain J, Schrier J 2010 J. Phys. Chem. C 114 14332
[80]	Winzer T, Knorr A, Malic E 2010 Nano Lett. 10 4839
[81]	Girdhar A, Leburton J P 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 043107
[82]	Pirro L, Girdhar A, Leblebici Y, Leburton J P 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 112 093707
[83]	Basko D M 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 165437
[84]	Brida D, Tomadin A, Manzoni C, Kim Y J, Lombardo A, Milana S, Nair R R, Novoselov K S, Ferrari A C, Cerullo G, Polini M 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1987
[85]	Tielrooij K J, Song J C W, Jensen S A, Centeno A, Pesquera A, Zurutuza Elorza A, Bonn M, Levitov L S, Koppens F H L 2013 Nat. Phys. 9 248
[86]	Mittendorff M, Orlita M, Potemski M, Berger C, Heer W A D, Schneider H, Helm M, Winnerl S 2014 New J. Phys. 16 123021
[87]	Wendler F, Knorr A, Malic E 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3703
[88]	Sukhovatkin V, Hinds S, Brzozowski L, Sargent E H 2009 Science 324 1542
[89]	Gabor N M, Zhong Z, Bosnick K, Park J, McEuen P L 2009 Science 325 1367
[90]	Shabaev A, Efros A L, Nozik A J 2006 Nano Lett. 6 2856
[91]	Franceschetti A, Zhang Y 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 136805
[92]	Kim S J, Kim W J, Sahoo Y, Cartwright A N, Prasad P N 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 031107
[93]	Nozik A J 2008 Chem. Phys. Lett. 457 3
[94]	Sun Y R, Forrest S R 2008 Org. Electron. 9 994
[95]	Pijpers J J H, Hendry E, Milder M T W, Fanciulli R, Savolainen J, Herek J L, Vanmaekelbergh D, Ruhman S, Mocatta D, Oron D, Aharoni A, Banin U, Bonn M 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 4783
[96]	Kim S J, Kim W J, Cartwright A N, Prasad P N 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 191107
[97]	Delerue C, Allan G, Pijpers J J H, Bonn M 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 125306
[98]	Ueda A, Matsuda K, Tayagaki T, Kanemitsu Y 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 233105
[99]	Rupasov V I, Klimov V I 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 125321
[100]	Luo J W, Franceschetti A, Zunger A 2008 Nano Lett. 8 3174
[101]	Nair G, Bawendi M G 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 081304
[102]	Merrifield R E, Avakian P, Groff R P 1969 Chem. Phys. Lett. 3 155
[103]	Yost S R, Lee J, Mark W B, Wu T, McMahon D P, Parkhurst R R, Thompson N J, Congreve D N, Rao A, Johnson K, Sfeir M Y, Bawendi M G, Swager T M, Friend R H, Baldo M A, van Voorhis T 2014 Nat. Chem. 6 492
[104]	Tayebjee M J Y, Soufiani A M, Conibeer G 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 2298
[105]	Zimmerman P M, Musgrave C B, Head-Gordon M 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1339
[106]	Walker B J, Musser A J, Beljonne D, Friend R H 2013 Nat. Chem. 5 1019
[107]	Thompson N J, Congreve D N, Goldberg D, Menon V M, Baldo M A 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 263302
[108]	Smith M B, Michl J 2013 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 64 361
[109]	Lee J, Jadhav P, Reusswig P D, Yost S R, Thompson N J, Congreve D N, Hontz E, van Voorhis T, Baldo M A 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1300
[110]	Lee J, Bruzek M J, Thompson N J, Sfeir M Y, Anthony J E, Baldo M A 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 1445
[111]	Congreve D N, Lee J, Thompson N J, Hontz E, Yost S R, Reusswig P D, Bahlke M E, Reineke S, van Voorhis T, Baldo M A 2013 Science 340 334
[112]	Yin S, Chen L, Xuan P, Chen K Q, Shuai Z 2004 J. Phys. Chem. B 108 9608
[113]	Wilson M W B, Rao A, Ehrler B, Friend R H 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1330
[114]	Johnson J C, Nozik A J, Michl J 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1290
[115]	Ehrler B, Musselman K P, Bhm M L, Friend R H, Greenham N C 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 153507
[116]	Midgett A G, Luther J M, Stewart J T, Smith D K, Padilha L A, Klimov V I, Nozik A J, Beard M C 2013 Nano Lett. 13 3078
[117]	Trinh M T, Polak L, Schins J M, Houtepen A J, Vaxenburg R, Maikov G I, Grinbom G, Midgett A G, Luther J M, Beard M C, Nozik A J, Bonn M, Lifshitz E, Siebbeles L D A 2011 Nano Lett. 11 1623
[118]	Ka I, Le Borgne V, Fujisawa K, Hayashi T, Kim Y A, Endo M, Ma D, El Khakani M A 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 20083
[119]	Su W A, Shen W Z 2012 Solid State Commun. 152 798
[120]	Madelung O 2004 Semiconductors: Data Handbook (Berlin: Springer) p526
[121]	Ben-Lulu M, Mocatta D, Bonn M, Banin U, Ruhman S 2008 Nano Lett. 8 1207
[122]	Cadirci M, Stubbs S K, Hardman S J O, Masala O, Allan G, Delerue C, Pickett N, Binks D J 2012 PCCP 14 15166
[123]	Rabani E, Baer R 2008 Nano Lett. 8 4488
[124]	Rabani E, Baer R 2010 Chem. Phys. Lett. 496 227
[125]	Gachet D, Avidan A, Pinkas I, Oron D 2010 Nano Lett. 10 164
[126]	Nonoguchi Y, Nakashima T, Kawai T 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 19263
[127]	Califano M 2009 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11 10180
[128]	Matylitsky V V, Dworak L, Breus V V, Basch T, Wachtveitl J 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 2424
[129]	Sewall S L, Franceschetti A, Cooney R R, Zunger A, Kambhampati P 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 081310
[130]	Califano M 2011 ACS Nano 5 3614
[131]	Fischer S A, Madrid A B, Isborn C M, Prezhdo O V 2009 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 232
[132]	Fischer S A, Prezhdo O V 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 115 10006
[133]	Gordi M, Ramezani H, Moravvej-Farshi M K 2017 J. Phys. Chem. C 121 6374
[134]	Hyeon-Deuk K, Prezhdo O V 2012 ACS Nano 6 1239
[135]	Marri I, Govoni M, Ossicini S 2016 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 145 162
[136]	Zhang P, Feng Y, Wen X, Cao W, Anthony R, Kortshagen U, Conibeer G, Huang S 2016 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 145 391
[137]	Bergren M R, Palomaki P K B, Neale N R, Furtak T E, Beard M C 2016 ACS Nano 10 2316
[138]	Sevik C, Bulutay C 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 125414
[139]	Marri I, Govoni M, Ossicini S 2014 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 13257
[140]	Timmerman D, Izeddin I, Stallinga P, Yassievich I N, Gregorkiewicz T 2008 Nat. Photonics 2 105
[141]	Takagahara T 2014 Optical Nanostructures and Advanced Materials for Photovaltaics Canberra, Australia, December 2--5, 2014 PTu4B.4
[142]	Allan G, Delerue C 2011 ACS Nano 5 7318
[143]	Su W A, Shen W Z 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 071111
[144]	Wippermann S, Vrs M, Rocca D, Gali A, Zimanyi G, Galli G 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 046804
[145]	Stewart J T, Padilha L A, Qazilbash M M, Pietryga J M, Midgett A G, Luther J M, Beard M C, Nozik A J, Klimov V I 2012 Nano Lett. 12 622
[146]	Li W, Chen F 2014 J. Nanopart. Res. 16 2498
[147]	Bejaoui A, Alonso M I, Garriga M, Campoy-Quiles M, Goi A R, Hetsch F, Kershaw S V, Rogach A L, To C H, Foo Y, Zapien J A 2017 Appl. Surf. Sci. 421 295
[148]	Leontiadou M A, Al-Otaify A, Kershaw S V, Zhovtiuk O, Kalytchuk S, Mott D, Maenosono S, Rogach A L, Binks D J 2016 Chem. Phys. 469 25
[149]	Chava R K, Kang M 2017 Mater. Lett. 199 188
[150]	Sills A, Califano M 2015 PCCP 17 2573
[151]	Cunningham P D, Boercker J E, Foos E E, Lumb M P, Smith A R, Tischler J G, Melinger J S 2011 Nano Lett. 11 3476
[152]	Padilha L A, Stewart J T, Sandberg R L, Bae W K, Koh W K, Pietryga J M, Klimov V I 2013 Nano Lett. 13 1092
[153]	Bartnik A, Efros A, Koh W K, Murray C, Wise F 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 195313
[154]	Shabaev A, Hellberg C S, Efros A L 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1242
[155]	Eshet H, Baer R, Neuhauser D, Rabani E 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13178
[156]	Nozik A, Beard M, Luther J, Law M, Ellingson R, Johnson J 2010 Chem. Rev. 110 6873
[157]	Aerts M, Suchand Sandeep C, Gao Y, Savenije T J, Schins J M, Houtepen A J, Kinge S, Siebbeles L D 2011 Nano Lett. 11 4485
[158]	Beard M C, Midgett A G, Law M, Semonin O E, Ellingson R J, Nozik A J 2009 Nano Lett. 9 836
[159]	Hu L, Mandelis A, Yang Z, Guo X, Lan X, Liu M, Walters G, Melnikov A, Sargent E H 2017 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 164 135
[160]	Aerts M, Bielewicz T, Klinke C, Grozema F C, Houtepen A J, Schins J M, Siebbeles L D A 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3789
[161]	Kanemitsu Y 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1358
[162]	Xie X, Li B, Zhang Z, Wang S, Shen D 2016 RSC Advances 6 34955
[163]	Tisdale W A, Williams K J, Timp B A, Norris D J, Aydil E S, Zhu X Y 2010 Science 328 1543
[164]	Yamashita G, Matsubara E, Nagai M, Kanemitsu Y, Ashida M 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 231118
[165]	Strait J H, Wang H, Shivaraman S, Shields V, Spencer M, Rana F 2011 Nano Lett. 11 4902
[166]	McGuire J A, Sykora M, Joo J, Pietryga J M, Klimov V I 2010 Nano Lett. 10 2049
[167]	Binks D J 2011 PCCP 13 12693
[168]	Shen Q, Katayama K, Toyoda T 2014 Quantum Dot Solar Cells (New York: Springer) p295
[169]	Law M, Beard M C, Choi S, Luther J M, Hanna M C, Nozik A J 2008 Nano Lett. 8 3904
[170]	Gdor I, Yang C, Yanover D, Sachs H, Lifshitz E, Ruhman S 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 26342
[171]	Bruhn B, Limpens R, Chung N X, Schall P, Gregorkiewicz T 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 20538
[172]	Kaniyankandy S, Rawalekar S, Verma S, Ghosh H N 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 115 1428
[173]	Damtie F A, Karki K J, Pullerits T, Wacker A 2016 J. Chem. Phys. 145 064703
[174]	Knowles K E, Peterson M D, McPhail M R, Weiss E A 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 10229
[175]	Huang J, Stockwell D, Huang Z, Mohler D L, Lian T 2008 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 5632
[176]	Huang J, Huang Z, Jin S, Lian T 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 19734
[177]	Wu K, Liu Z, Zhu H, Lian T 2013 J. Phys. Chem. A 117 6362
[178]	Yang Y, Rodrguez-Crdoba W, Lian T 2011 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 9246
[179]	Yang Y, Rodrguez-Crdoba W, Lian T 2012 Nano Lett. 12 4235
[180]	Boulesbaa A, Issac A, Stockwell D, Huang Z, Huang J, Guo J, Lian T 2007 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 15132
[181]	Wu K, Song N, Liu Z, Zhu H, Rodrguez-Crdoba W, Lian T 2013 J. Phys. Chem. A 117 7561
[182]	Zhu H, Song N, Rodrguez-Crdoba W, Lian T 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 4250
[183]	Wang Y F, Wang H Y, Li Z S, Zhao J, Wang L, Chen Q D, Wang W Q, Sun H B 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 17240
[184]	Peng P, Milliron D J, Hughes S M, Johnson J C, Alivisatos A P, Saykally R J 2005 Nano Lett. 5 1809
[185]	Chuang C H, Lo S S, Scholes G D, Burda C 2010 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 2530
[186]	de Mello Doneg C 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 165303
[187]	Zhu H, Song N, Lian T 2011 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 8762
[188]	Verma S, Kaniyankandy S, Ghosh H N 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 10901
[189]	Dooley C J, Dimitrov S D, Fiebig T 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 12074
[190]	Okano M, Sakamoto M, Teranishi T, Kanemitsu Y 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 2951
[191]	Ždek K, Zheng K, Abdellah M, Lenngren N, Chbera P, Pullerits T 2012 Nano Lett. 12 6393
[192]	Cao X B, Chen P, Guo Y 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 20560
[193]	Jin X, Sun W, Chen Z, Wei T, Chen C, He X, Yuan Y, Li Y, Li Q 2014 ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces 6 8771
[194]	Zidek K, Abdellah M, Zheng K, Pullerits T 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 7244
[195]	Ten Cate S, Sandeep C S S, Liu Y, Law M, Kinge S, Houtepen A J, Schins J M, Siebbeles L D A 2015 Acc. Chem. Res. 48 174
[196]	Zhu H, Yang Y, Lian T 2012 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1270
[197]	Hanna M C, Nozik A J 2006 J. Appl. Phys. 100 074510
[198]	Bhardwaj A, Balakrishnan V, Srivastava P, Sehgal H 2008 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 23 095020
[199]	Lee Y K, Choi H, Lee H, Lee C, Choi J S, Choi C G, Hwang E, Park J Y 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 27549
[200]	Smith C, Binks D 2013 Nanomaterials 4 19
[201]	Semonin O E, Luther J M, Beard M C 2012 Mater. Today 15 508
[202]	Beard M C, Luther J M, Semonin O E, Nozik A J 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 1252

[1]	Li Xu-Dong, Jiang Zeng-Gong, Gu Qiang, Zhang Meng, Lin Guo-Qiang, Zhao Ming-Hua, Guo Li. Cs-Te photocathode preparation with Te intermittent and Cs continuous deposition based on improved preparation success rate and quantum efficiency. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(17): 178501. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220818
[2]	Zhu-Yue, Zhang Zi-Liang, Yang Yan-Ji, Xue Rong-Feng, Cui Wei-Wei, Lu Bo, Wang Juan, Chen Tian-Xiang, Wang Yu-Sa, Li Wei, Han Da-Wei, Huo Jia, Hu Wei, Li Mao-Shun, Zhang Yi, Zhu Yu-Xuan, Liu Miao, Zhao Xiao-Fan, Chen Yong. Quantum efficiency calibration for low energy detector in hard X-ray modulation telescope satellite. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(11): 112901. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.112901
[3]	Qiao Jian-Liang, Xu Yuan, Gao You-Tang, Niu Jun, Chang Ben-Kang. Quantum efficiency for reflection-mode varied doping negative-electron-affinity GaN photocathode. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(6): 067903. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.067903
[4]	Ding Mei-Bin, Lou Chao-Gang, Wang Qi-Long, Sun Qiang. Influence of quantum wells on the quantum efficiency of GaAs solar cells. Acta Physica Sinica, 2014, 63(19): 198502. doi: 10.7498/aps.63.198502
[5]	Liu Mu-Lin, Min Qiu-Ying, Ye Zhi-Qing. Efficiency droop in blue InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes on Si substrate. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(17): 178503. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.178503
[6]	Deng Shu-Peng, Li Wen-Cui, Huang Wen-Bin, Liu Yong-Gang, Peng Zeng-Hui, Lu Xing-Hai, Xuan Li. All-organic two-dimensional photonic crystal laser based on holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(8): 086103. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.086103
[7]	Zhang Yi-Jun, Niu Jun, Zhao Jing, Zou Ji-Jun, Chang Ben-Kang. Effect of exponential-doping structure on quantum yield of transmission-mode GaAs photocathodes. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(6): 067301. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.067301
[8]	Zhao Jing, Zhang Yi-Jun, Chang Ben-Kang, Xiong Ya-Juan, Zhang Jun-Ju, Shi Feng, Cheng Hong-Chang, Cui Dong-Xu. Research on quantum efficient fitting and structure of high performance transmission-mode GaAs photocathode. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(10): 107802. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.107802
[9]	Guo Xiang-Yang, Du Xiao-Qing, Chang Ben-Kang, Qiao Jian-Liang, Qian Yun-Sheng, Wang Xiao-Hui. Quantum efficiency recovery of reflection-mode NEA GaN photocathode. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(1): 017903. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.017903
[10]	Qiao Jian-Liang, Chang Ben-Kang, Du Xiao-Qing, Niu Jun, Zou Ji-Jun. Quantum efficiency decay mechanism for reflection-mode negative electron affinity GaN photocathode. Acta Physica Sinica, 2010, 59(4): 2855-2859. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.2855
[11]	Niu Jun, Yang Zhi, Chang Ben-Kang, Qiao Jian-Liang, Zhang Yi-Jun. Study on the model of quantum efficiency of reflective varied doping GaAs photocathode. Acta Physica Sinica, 2009, 58(7): 5002-5006. doi: 10.7498/aps.58.5002
[12]	Du Xiao-Qing, Chang Ben-Kang. Revision of quantum efficiency formula for negative electron affinity photocathodes. Acta Physica Sinica, 2009, 58(12): 8643-8650. doi: 10.7498/aps.58.8643
[13]	Jiao Rong-Zhen, Feng Chen-Xu, Ma Hai-Qiang. Performance of various quantum-key-distribution systems using 1.55 μm up-conversion single-photon detector. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, 57(3): 1352-1355. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.1352
[14]	Jiao Rong-Zhen, Feng Chen-Xu. Analysis of differential-phase-shift keying protocol for a two-way quantum-key-distribution system. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, 57(2): 685-688. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.685
[15]	Zou Ji-Jun, Chang Ben-Kang, Yang Zhi, Gao Pin, Qiao Jian-Liang, Zeng Yi-Ping. Stability of GaAs photocathodes under different intensities of illumination. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(10): 6109-6113. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.6109
[16]	Zou Ji-Jun, Chang Ben-Kang, Yang Zhi. Theoretical calculation of quantum yield for exponential-doping GaAs photocathodes. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(5): 2992-2997. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.2992
[17]	Zeng Long-Yue, Dai Song-Yuan, Wang Kong-Jia, Shi Cheng-Wu, Kong Fan-Tai, Hu Lin-Hua, Pan Xu. The mechanism of dye-sensitized solar cell based on nanocrystalline ZnO films. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(1): 53-57. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.53
[18]	Zhang Tong, Hu An, Wu Qiang, Mao Fu-Ming, Yang Xue-Qian, Cui Yi-Ping. Study of gas-solid interface via low-energy pulsed electron beams. Acta Physica Sinica, 2004, 53(3): 835-839. doi: 10.7498/aps.53.835
[19]	Liu Chun-Xu, Zhang Jia-Hua, Lü Shao-Zhe, Liu Jun-Ye. Judd-Ofelt parameters determined experimentally for nanoparticles Gd2O3:Eu3+. Acta Physica Sinica, 2004, 53(11): 3945-3949. doi: 10.7498/aps.53.3945
[20]	Chang Jun-Tao, Wu Ling-An. Absolute self-calibration of the quantum efficiency of single-photon detectors. Acta Physica Sinica, 2003, 52(5): 1132-1136. doi: 10.7498/aps.52.1132

Catalog

Vol. 67, Issue 2 - 2018-01-20

Metrics

Abstract views: 12509
PDF Downloads: 669
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板