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In this paper, we report a high-conversion-efficiency organic semiconductor distributed feedback laser. The gain layer of the laser device is made from poly (2-methoxy-5-(20-ethylhexyloxy) p-phenyl-enevinylene) (MEH-PPV), and the holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) grating is used as the external light feedback layer. Thus the parameters of the laser device can be modulated independently. The solution of MEH-PPV in xylene (6 mg·mL-1) is deposited on the bottom glass substrate by spin-coating (2000 r/min). The MEH-PPV layer thickness is controlled at (80±2) nm by the spin-coating rate and confirmed by the Dektak profilometer. The HPDLC is made by the photo-induced phase separation method. To determine the orientations of LC molecules, the diffraction efficiency of each sample is measured by a He-Ne laser. The diffraction efficiency is defined as the diffracted light intensity in the first order divided by the incident light intensity. If p light diffraction efficiency (ηp) is much larger (smaller) than s light diffraction efficiency (ηs), it can be thought of as a symbol of a fairly good alignment of LC along the grating vector (grating grooves). When the period of HPDLC grating is larger than 450 nm, ηp is greater than ηs, and the averaged orientation of liquid crystal molecules is aligned along the grating vector direction, i.e., orthogonal to the holographic plane. For feedback light propagating along the grating vector, the refractive index modulation is dependent on the difference between the polymer refractive index np and the ordinary refractive index no of phase-separated LC. These two values are very close to each other, thus the effective light feedback for lasing output is not high. However, when the period of HPDLC grating is smaller than 450 nm, ηs is greater than ηp, and the orientation of phase-separated LC is altered. The refractive index modulation of feedback light originates from the difference between the polymer refractive index np and the extraordinary refractive index ne of phase-separated LC, thus the refractive index modulation can be improved and the HPDLC layer can provide better light feedback. The lasing threshold is 0.70 μJ/pulse, and the conversion efficiency is 2.5% for the sample with a grating period of 593 nm. However, the lasing threshold is lowered to 0.18 μJ/pulse, and the conversion efficiency increases to 6.4% for the sample with a grating period of 395 nm. These results show that the output lasing performance can be improved by using small period grating, since it has bigger refractive index in the grating vector direction (the lasing feedback direction). The laser performance of sample with small grating period is improved in some aspects such as threshold energy, conversion efficiency to some extent compared with those reported previously.
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Keywords:
- organic semiconductor laser /
- holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal /
- refractive index difference /
- conversion efficiency
[1] Moses D 1992 Appl. Phys. Lett. 60 3215
[2] Samuel I D W, Turnbull G A 2007 Chem. Rev. 107 1272
[3] Chenais S, Forget S 2012 Polym. Int. 61 390
[4] Grivas C, Pollnau M 2012 Laser Photon. Rev. 6 419
[5] Chen Y, Herrnsdorf J, Guilhabert B, Kanibolotsky A L, Mackintosh A R, Wang Y, Pethrick R A, Gu E, Turnbull G A, Skabara P J, Samuel I D W, Laurand N, Dawson M D 2011 Org. Electron. 12 62
[6] Heliotis G, Xia R, Bradley D D C, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W, Andrew P, Barnes W L 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 2118
[7] Heliotis G, Xia R, Bradley D D C, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W, Andrew P, Barnes W L 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 96 6959
[8] Liu L J, Huang W B, Diao Z H, Zhang G Y, Peng Z H, Liu Y G, Xuan L 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 194202 (in Chinese) [刘丽娟, 黄文彬, 刁志辉, 张桂洋, 彭增辉, 刘永刚, 宣丽 2014 63 194202]
[9] Deng S P, Li W C, Huang W B, Liu Y G, Lu X H, Xuan L 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 056102 (in Chinese) [邓舒鹏, 李文萃, 黄文彬, 刘永刚, 鲁兴海, 宣丽 2011 60 056102]
[10] Mele E, Camposeo A, Stabile R, Del Carro P, Di Benedetto F, Persano L, Cingolani R, Pisignano D 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 131109
[11] Pisignano D, Persano L, Mele E, Visconti P, Anni M, Gigli G, Cingolani R, Favaretto L, Barbarella G 2005 Synth. Met. 153 237
[12] Ramirez M G, Boj P G, Navarro-Fuster V, Vragovic I, Villalvilla J M, Alonso I, Trabadelo V, Merino S, Díaz-García M A 2011 Opt. Express 19 22443
[13] Butler J J, Malcuit M S, Rodriguez M A 2002 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19 183
[14] Huang W B, Deng S P, Liu Y G, Peng Z H, Yao L S, Xuan L 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 094208 (in Chinese) [黄文彬, 邓舒鹏, 刘永刚, 彭增辉, 姚丽双, 宣丽 2012 61 094208]
[15] Deng S P, Huang W B, Liu Y G, Diao Z H, Peng Z H, Yao L S, Xuan L 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 126101 (in Chinese) [邓舒鹏, 黄文彬, 刘永刚, 刁志辉, 彭增辉, 姚丽双, 宣丽 2012 61 126101]
[16] Diao Z H, Huang W B, Deng S P, Liu Y G, Peng Z H, Yao L S, Xuan L 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 034202 (in Chinese) [刁志辉, 黄文彬, 邓舒鹏, 刘永刚, 彭增辉, 姚丽双, 宣丽 2013 62 034202]
[17] Hsiao V K S, Lu C, He G S, Pan M, Cartwright A N, Prasad P N 2005 Opt. Express 13 3787
[18] Turnbull G A, Andrew P, Barnes W L, Samuel I D W 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 313
[19] Huang W, Liu Y, Diao Z, Yang C, Yao L, Ma J, Xuan L 2012 Appl. Opt. 51 4013
[20] Vardanyan K K, Qi J, Eakin J N, Sarkar M D, Crawford G P 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 4736
[21] Kim Y T, Hwang S, Hong J H 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 173506
[22] Kogelnik H, Shank C V 1972 J. Appl. Phys. 43 2327
[23] Montemezzani G, Zgonik M 1997 Phys. Rev. E 55 1035
[24] Turnbull G A, Andrew P, Jory M J, Barnes W L, Samuel I D W 2001 Phys. Rev. B 64 125122
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[1] Moses D 1992 Appl. Phys. Lett. 60 3215
[2] Samuel I D W, Turnbull G A 2007 Chem. Rev. 107 1272
[3] Chenais S, Forget S 2012 Polym. Int. 61 390
[4] Grivas C, Pollnau M 2012 Laser Photon. Rev. 6 419
[5] Chen Y, Herrnsdorf J, Guilhabert B, Kanibolotsky A L, Mackintosh A R, Wang Y, Pethrick R A, Gu E, Turnbull G A, Skabara P J, Samuel I D W, Laurand N, Dawson M D 2011 Org. Electron. 12 62
[6] Heliotis G, Xia R, Bradley D D C, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W, Andrew P, Barnes W L 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 2118
[7] Heliotis G, Xia R, Bradley D D C, Turnbull G A, Samuel I D W, Andrew P, Barnes W L 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 96 6959
[8] Liu L J, Huang W B, Diao Z H, Zhang G Y, Peng Z H, Liu Y G, Xuan L 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 194202 (in Chinese) [刘丽娟, 黄文彬, 刁志辉, 张桂洋, 彭增辉, 刘永刚, 宣丽 2014 63 194202]
[9] Deng S P, Li W C, Huang W B, Liu Y G, Lu X H, Xuan L 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 056102 (in Chinese) [邓舒鹏, 李文萃, 黄文彬, 刘永刚, 鲁兴海, 宣丽 2011 60 056102]
[10] Mele E, Camposeo A, Stabile R, Del Carro P, Di Benedetto F, Persano L, Cingolani R, Pisignano D 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 131109
[11] Pisignano D, Persano L, Mele E, Visconti P, Anni M, Gigli G, Cingolani R, Favaretto L, Barbarella G 2005 Synth. Met. 153 237
[12] Ramirez M G, Boj P G, Navarro-Fuster V, Vragovic I, Villalvilla J M, Alonso I, Trabadelo V, Merino S, Díaz-García M A 2011 Opt. Express 19 22443
[13] Butler J J, Malcuit M S, Rodriguez M A 2002 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19 183
[14] Huang W B, Deng S P, Liu Y G, Peng Z H, Yao L S, Xuan L 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 094208 (in Chinese) [黄文彬, 邓舒鹏, 刘永刚, 彭增辉, 姚丽双, 宣丽 2012 61 094208]
[15] Deng S P, Huang W B, Liu Y G, Diao Z H, Peng Z H, Yao L S, Xuan L 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 126101 (in Chinese) [邓舒鹏, 黄文彬, 刘永刚, 刁志辉, 彭增辉, 姚丽双, 宣丽 2012 61 126101]
[16] Diao Z H, Huang W B, Deng S P, Liu Y G, Peng Z H, Yao L S, Xuan L 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 034202 (in Chinese) [刁志辉, 黄文彬, 邓舒鹏, 刘永刚, 彭增辉, 姚丽双, 宣丽 2013 62 034202]
[17] Hsiao V K S, Lu C, He G S, Pan M, Cartwright A N, Prasad P N 2005 Opt. Express 13 3787
[18] Turnbull G A, Andrew P, Barnes W L, Samuel I D W 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 313
[19] Huang W, Liu Y, Diao Z, Yang C, Yao L, Ma J, Xuan L 2012 Appl. Opt. 51 4013
[20] Vardanyan K K, Qi J, Eakin J N, Sarkar M D, Crawford G P 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 4736
[21] Kim Y T, Hwang S, Hong J H 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 173506
[22] Kogelnik H, Shank C V 1972 J. Appl. Phys. 43 2327
[23] Montemezzani G, Zgonik M 1997 Phys. Rev. E 55 1035
[24] Turnbull G A, Andrew P, Jory M J, Barnes W L, Samuel I D W 2001 Phys. Rev. B 64 125122
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