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Evolution of the average cluster size at the center of a cluster jet from the nozzle throat along the gas flow is investigated using simulations. The simulation is performed for the cluster jet from the expansion of Ar gas into vacuum through a long conical nozzle (with the length L of 30 mm) under a high backing pressure (～ 5×106 Pa). Results indicate that the cluster size increases gradually until it is close to the maximum with the increase of the distance from the nozzle throat, and the part of the jet with large-size clusters is located at the distance greater than 20 mm from the nozzle throat. Based on the simulation results about the evolution of the cluster size and the atom density in a cluster jet, the optimization of a nozzle length has been discussed under a given condition. This work shows that a proper nozzle length is about 20 mm for a usual conical nozzle with an opening angle of about 8.5 degree and a throat diameter of about 0.5 mm.
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Keywords:
- gas cluster /
- Boldarev model /
- cluster size /
- clustered-gas jet
[1] McPherson A, Thompson B D, Borisov A B, Boyer K, Rhodes C K 1994 Nature 370 631
[2] Shim B, Hays G, Zgadzaj R, Ditmire T, Downer M C 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 123902
[3] Kumarappan V, Kim K Y, Milchberg H M 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 205004
[4] Zweiback J, Cowan T E, Hartley J H, Howell R, Wharton K B, Crane J K, Yanovsky V P, Hays G, Smith R A, Ditmire T 2002 Phys. Plasmas 9 3108
[5] Ditmire T, Zweiback J, Yanovsky V P, Cowan T E, Hays G, Wharton K B 1999 Nature 398 489.
[6] Liu J S, Lu H Y, Zhou Z L, Wang C, Li H Y, Xia C Q, Wang W T, Xu Y, Lu X M, Leng Y X, Liang X Y, Ni G Q, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2014 Chin. J. Phys. 52 524
[7] Smith R A, Ditmire T, Tisch J W G 1998 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69 3798
[8] Hagena O F 1992 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63 2374
[9] Hagena O F 1981 Surf. Sci. 106 101
[10] Lu H Y, Ni G Q, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2010 J. Chem. Phys. 132 124303
[11] Dorchies F, Blasco F, Caillaud T, Stevefelt J, Stenz C, Boldarev A S, Gasilov, V A 2003 Phys. Rev. A 68 023201
[12] Boldarev A S, Gasilov V A, Faenov A Y, Fukuda Y, Yamakawa K 2006 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 083112
[13] Guo E F, Han J F, Li Y Q, Yang C W, Zhou R 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 103601 (in Chinese) [郭尔夫, 韩纪锋, 李永青, 杨朝文, 周荣 2014 63 103601]
[14] Chen G L, Kim B, Ahn B, Kim D E 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 108 064329
[15] Chen G L, Xu H X, Ren L, Wang L L, Cao Y J, Zhang X L, Ping Y X, Kim D E 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 133601 (in Chinese) [陈光龙, 徐红霞, 任莉, 汪丽莉, 曹云玖, 张修丽, 平云霞, Dong Eon Kim 2013 62 133601]
[16] Jinno S, Fukuda Y, Sakaki H, Yogo A, Kanasaki M, Kondo K, Faenov A Ya, Skobelev I Yu, Pikuz T A, Boldarev A S, Gasilov V A 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 164103
[17] Jinno S, Fukuda Y, Sakaki H, Yogo A, Kanasaki M, Kondo K, Faenov A Ya, Skobelev I Yu, Pikuz T A, Boldarev A S, Gasilov V A 2013 Opt Express 21 20656
[18] Fukuda Y, Faenov A Ya, Tampo M, Pikuz T A, Nakamura T, Kando M, Hayashi Y, Yogo A, Sakaki H, Kameshima T, Pirozhkov A S, Ogura K, Mori M, Esirkepov T Zh, Koga J, Boldarev A S, Gasilov V A, Magunov A I, Yamauchi T, Kodama R, Bolton P R, Kato Y, Tajima T, Daido H, Bulanov S V 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 165002
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[1] McPherson A, Thompson B D, Borisov A B, Boyer K, Rhodes C K 1994 Nature 370 631
[2] Shim B, Hays G, Zgadzaj R, Ditmire T, Downer M C 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 123902
[3] Kumarappan V, Kim K Y, Milchberg H M 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 205004
[4] Zweiback J, Cowan T E, Hartley J H, Howell R, Wharton K B, Crane J K, Yanovsky V P, Hays G, Smith R A, Ditmire T 2002 Phys. Plasmas 9 3108
[5] Ditmire T, Zweiback J, Yanovsky V P, Cowan T E, Hays G, Wharton K B 1999 Nature 398 489.
[6] Liu J S, Lu H Y, Zhou Z L, Wang C, Li H Y, Xia C Q, Wang W T, Xu Y, Lu X M, Leng Y X, Liang X Y, Ni G Q, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2014 Chin. J. Phys. 52 524
[7] Smith R A, Ditmire T, Tisch J W G 1998 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69 3798
[8] Hagena O F 1992 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63 2374
[9] Hagena O F 1981 Surf. Sci. 106 101
[10] Lu H Y, Ni G Q, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2010 J. Chem. Phys. 132 124303
[11] Dorchies F, Blasco F, Caillaud T, Stevefelt J, Stenz C, Boldarev A S, Gasilov, V A 2003 Phys. Rev. A 68 023201
[12] Boldarev A S, Gasilov V A, Faenov A Y, Fukuda Y, Yamakawa K 2006 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 083112
[13] Guo E F, Han J F, Li Y Q, Yang C W, Zhou R 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 103601 (in Chinese) [郭尔夫, 韩纪锋, 李永青, 杨朝文, 周荣 2014 63 103601]
[14] Chen G L, Kim B, Ahn B, Kim D E 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 108 064329
[15] Chen G L, Xu H X, Ren L, Wang L L, Cao Y J, Zhang X L, Ping Y X, Kim D E 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 133601 (in Chinese) [陈光龙, 徐红霞, 任莉, 汪丽莉, 曹云玖, 张修丽, 平云霞, Dong Eon Kim 2013 62 133601]
[16] Jinno S, Fukuda Y, Sakaki H, Yogo A, Kanasaki M, Kondo K, Faenov A Ya, Skobelev I Yu, Pikuz T A, Boldarev A S, Gasilov V A 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 164103
[17] Jinno S, Fukuda Y, Sakaki H, Yogo A, Kanasaki M, Kondo K, Faenov A Ya, Skobelev I Yu, Pikuz T A, Boldarev A S, Gasilov V A 2013 Opt Express 21 20656
[18] Fukuda Y, Faenov A Ya, Tampo M, Pikuz T A, Nakamura T, Kando M, Hayashi Y, Yogo A, Sakaki H, Kameshima T, Pirozhkov A S, Ogura K, Mori M, Esirkepov T Zh, Koga J, Boldarev A S, Gasilov V A, Magunov A I, Yamauchi T, Kodama R, Bolton P R, Kato Y, Tajima T, Daido H, Bulanov S V 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 165002
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