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In order to obtain the microphysical features of snowflakes under the natural conditions by using the self-developed sensor, precipitation microphysical characteristics, capture probability, and space distribution retrieve algorithm based on the velocity of snowflakes are discussed; and the shape, size, velocity, axial ratio, orientation and the space distribution of snowflakes are investigated by the field observation. Results show that the snowlakes may take needles, flakes, and oblate ellipsoids shapes; the falling velocity of snowflakes will increase slightly with inereasing diameter, their axial ratio may increase linearly with the diameter, and their orientations are easily influenced by the wind; the canting angle may be 0.9° and tends to be nearly symmetric with a standard deviation around 13.2°. Empirical equations of velocity and diameter, and of axial ratio and diameter are fitted by nonlinear fitting and linear fitting of observed data respectively. Compared with previous model proposed by authors abroad, this paper further provides the microphysical characteristics of snowflakes with localization features. The above conclusions can be of significance for the research on cloud precipitation physics, ground validation of weather radar, assessment of precipitation-induced microwave attenuation, etc.
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Keywords:
- imaging velocimetry /
- natural environment /
- snowfall /
- microphysical features
[1] Yang J, Chen B J, Yin Y 2011 Physics of Cloud and Precipitation, (Beijing: Meteorological Press.) 第103-109 (in Chinese) [杨军, 陈宝君, 银燕2011 云降水物理学(北京: 气象出版社) 第103–109页]
[2] Lönert U, Kneifel S, Battaglia A, Hagen M, Hirsch L, Crewell S 2011 Bulletin of American Meteorological Society 92 613
[3] Szakall M, Mitra S K, Diehl K, Borrmann S 2010 Atmospheric research 97 416
[4] Wood N B, Ecuyer T S L, Bliven F L, Stephens G L 2013 Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6 3635
[5] Schuur T J, Ryzhkov A V, Zrnic D S, Schöhuber M 2001 Journal of Applied Meteorology 40 1019
[6] Liu X C, Gao T C, Qin J, Liu L 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2156(in Chinese) [刘西川, 高太长, 秦健, 刘磊 2010 59 2156]
[7] Liu X C, Liu L, Gao T C, Ren J P 2013 Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 32 379(in Chinese) [刘西川, 刘磊, 高太长, 任景鹏 2013 红外与毫米波学报 32 379]
[8] Zhou X, Yang X F, Yu Y, Ma S 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 149202(in Chinese) [周旋, 杨晓峰, 李紫薇, 于暘, 马胜 2012 61 149202]
[9] Jiang S T, Gao T C, Liu X C, Liu L, Liu Z T 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 154303(in Chinese) [姜世泰, 高太长, 刘西川, 刘磊, 刘志田 2013 62 154303]
[10] Zhou Y S, Li X F, Gao S T 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 064210
[11] Gao X Q, Zhang W, Zeng H L 2005 Chin. Phys. 14 1265
[12] Gao T C 2012 Meteo. and Hydro. Equip. 23 1(in Chinese) [高太长 2012 气象水文装备 23 1]
[13] Joss J, Waldvogel A 1967 Pure Applied Geophysics 68 240
[14] Tokay A, Kruger A, Krajewski W F 2001 Journal of Applied Meteorology 40 2083
[15] Löfler-Mang M, Joss J 2000 Journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology 17 130
[16] Gao T C, Jiang Z D, Liu X C, Su X Y, Zhai D L 2012 Opt. Pre. Eng. 20 2184(in Chinese) [高太长, 江志东, 刘西川, 苏小勇, 翟东力 2012 光学精密工程 20 2184]
[17] Nespor V, Krajewski W F, Kruger A 2000 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 17 1483
[18] Saylor J R, Jones B K, Bliven L F 2002 Review of Scientific Instruments 73 2422
[19] Szakall M, Diehl K, Mitra S K, Borrmann S 2009 Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 66 755
[20] Tang Y H, Xie G Y, Liu H C, Shao J B, Ma Q, Liu H P, Ning H, Yang Y, Yang C H 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 2257(in Chinese) [唐远河, 解光勇, 刘汉臣, 邵建斌, 马琦, 刘会平, 宁辉, 杨彧, 严成海 2006 55 2257]
[21] Liu X C, Gao T C, Liu L, Zhai D L 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 029203(in Chinese) [刘西川, 高太长, 刘磊, 翟东力 2014 63 029203]
[22] Bohm H P 1989 Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 46 2419
[23] Schefold R, Baschek B, Wuest M, Barthazy E 2002 Proceedings of ERAD 84
[24] Su X Y, Gao T C, Liu X C, Zhao S J 2013 Journal of the Meteorological Sciences 33 282(in Chinese) [苏小勇, 高太长, 刘西川, 赵世军 2013 气象科学 33 282]
[25] Sheng P X, Mao J T, Li J G, Zhang A L, Sang J G, Pan N X 2003 Atmospheric Physics (Beijing: Beijing University Press) p304 (in Chinese) [盛裴轩, 毛节泰, 李建国, 张霭琛, 桑建国, 潘乃先 2003 大气物理学(北京: 北京大学出版社) 第304页]
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[1] Yang J, Chen B J, Yin Y 2011 Physics of Cloud and Precipitation, (Beijing: Meteorological Press.) 第103-109 (in Chinese) [杨军, 陈宝君, 银燕2011 云降水物理学(北京: 气象出版社) 第103–109页]
[2] Lönert U, Kneifel S, Battaglia A, Hagen M, Hirsch L, Crewell S 2011 Bulletin of American Meteorological Society 92 613
[3] Szakall M, Mitra S K, Diehl K, Borrmann S 2010 Atmospheric research 97 416
[4] Wood N B, Ecuyer T S L, Bliven F L, Stephens G L 2013 Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6 3635
[5] Schuur T J, Ryzhkov A V, Zrnic D S, Schöhuber M 2001 Journal of Applied Meteorology 40 1019
[6] Liu X C, Gao T C, Qin J, Liu L 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2156(in Chinese) [刘西川, 高太长, 秦健, 刘磊 2010 59 2156]
[7] Liu X C, Liu L, Gao T C, Ren J P 2013 Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 32 379(in Chinese) [刘西川, 刘磊, 高太长, 任景鹏 2013 红外与毫米波学报 32 379]
[8] Zhou X, Yang X F, Yu Y, Ma S 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 149202(in Chinese) [周旋, 杨晓峰, 李紫薇, 于暘, 马胜 2012 61 149202]
[9] Jiang S T, Gao T C, Liu X C, Liu L, Liu Z T 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 154303(in Chinese) [姜世泰, 高太长, 刘西川, 刘磊, 刘志田 2013 62 154303]
[10] Zhou Y S, Li X F, Gao S T 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 064210
[11] Gao X Q, Zhang W, Zeng H L 2005 Chin. Phys. 14 1265
[12] Gao T C 2012 Meteo. and Hydro. Equip. 23 1(in Chinese) [高太长 2012 气象水文装备 23 1]
[13] Joss J, Waldvogel A 1967 Pure Applied Geophysics 68 240
[14] Tokay A, Kruger A, Krajewski W F 2001 Journal of Applied Meteorology 40 2083
[15] Löfler-Mang M, Joss J 2000 Journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology 17 130
[16] Gao T C, Jiang Z D, Liu X C, Su X Y, Zhai D L 2012 Opt. Pre. Eng. 20 2184(in Chinese) [高太长, 江志东, 刘西川, 苏小勇, 翟东力 2012 光学精密工程 20 2184]
[17] Nespor V, Krajewski W F, Kruger A 2000 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 17 1483
[18] Saylor J R, Jones B K, Bliven L F 2002 Review of Scientific Instruments 73 2422
[19] Szakall M, Diehl K, Mitra S K, Borrmann S 2009 Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 66 755
[20] Tang Y H, Xie G Y, Liu H C, Shao J B, Ma Q, Liu H P, Ning H, Yang Y, Yang C H 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 2257(in Chinese) [唐远河, 解光勇, 刘汉臣, 邵建斌, 马琦, 刘会平, 宁辉, 杨彧, 严成海 2006 55 2257]
[21] Liu X C, Gao T C, Liu L, Zhai D L 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 029203(in Chinese) [刘西川, 高太长, 刘磊, 翟东力 2014 63 029203]
[22] Bohm H P 1989 Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 46 2419
[23] Schefold R, Baschek B, Wuest M, Barthazy E 2002 Proceedings of ERAD 84
[24] Su X Y, Gao T C, Liu X C, Zhao S J 2013 Journal of the Meteorological Sciences 33 282(in Chinese) [苏小勇, 高太长, 刘西川, 赵世军 2013 气象科学 33 282]
[25] Sheng P X, Mao J T, Li J G, Zhang A L, Sang J G, Pan N X 2003 Atmospheric Physics (Beijing: Beijing University Press) p304 (in Chinese) [盛裴轩, 毛节泰, 李建国, 张霭琛, 桑建国, 潘乃先 2003 大气物理学(北京: 北京大学出版社) 第304页]
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